Application of Photovoltaics In Buildings A study of Photovoltaic Technology & its Application in Buildings

Transcription

1 [Thesis -] Application of Photovoltaics In Buildings A study of Photovoltaic Technology & its Application in Buildings Kushal Jain [] School of Building Science and Technology, CEPT University

2 Overview.. Background.. Need.. Objectives & Scope.. Methodology

3 Overview. Background Availability of energy is a basic precondition for almost all of human activities Theenergysystemsthatareprovidingtheenergyforthedevicesusedtodayhavemainlybeenbuilton fossil fuel energy resources such as coal, oil, gas, uranium and nuclear which are limited Renewable energy technologies can cover the whole energy demand of the world, without the disadvantages that are resulting from fossil and nuclear energy utilization Photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells are solid state devices that convert solar radiation directly into electricity with no moving parts, requiring no fuel, and creating virtually no pollutants over their life cycle Today, PV in buildings appears as one of the most promising of options to bridge the way for PV from the scattered small-scale niche applications to a major power generating technology of the twenty-first century

4 Overview. Need Conventional modes of producing energy tend to have a. Detrimental effects on the environment b. Use of resources which are non renewable This has led to the widespread search for effective and environmentally friendly and renewable modes of producing energy. Photovoltaics are a leading technology in an attempt to harness energy with a renewable energy source. They can be applied on virtually every conceivable structure from bus shelter to high rise office buildings or even turned into landscaping elements. Theaimistotakeadvantageofarenewableenergysourceasopposedtoourtraditionalenergysystemssuch ascoal,oilornuclear. Photovoltaics can be worth considering if the buildinghasaccess to solar radiation, if the building is or will be an energy efficient building and also when an innovative design option is preferred.

5 Overview. Objectives & Scope Objectives To study the Photovoltaic technology& its application in Buildings To check financial, technical & environmental feasibility of applying Photovoltaics in different type of buildings Scope Collection of up-to-date information regarding Photovoltaics and related technology Identifying parameters for selection of appropriate type of photovoltaics system and overall feasibility of integrating photovoltaics with a building Evaluating, quantifying, and integrating economic and environmental factors included in the integration of photovoltaics in buildings.

6 Overview. Methodology Study A study of journals, technical papers, relevant IS Codes, Reference books & Reports available on the subject of Photovoltaic Technology & its implementation in Buildings Case Studies Buildings that are also connected to the utility grid Buildings that are not connected to the utility grid Financial Suitability Technical Suitability Environmental benefits Inferences & Inferences based on results of and documentation in the form of a detailed report as per the academic requirements of School of Building Science& Technology, CEPT University

7 Overview.. Solar Radiation.. Working Principle of a Solar Photovoltaic Cell.. Major types of Solar Cells.. Manufacturing of a typical Silicon Solar Cell.5.5 Construction and Operation of Solar Generators

8 Overview. Solar Radiation The solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface is comprised of direct radiation and diffuse radiation. The diffused radiation comprises of sky radiation and the reflected radiation Time of the year Summer Latitude-5 Spring& Autumn Latitude Winter Latitude +5 Optimal inclination angle of south oriented solar module For optimal use in the northern hemisphere, a solar system is oriented southwards at an inclination from the horizontal. The appropriate inclination angle, is dependent upon the latitude and on the time of the year

9 Overview. Working Principle of a Solar Photovoltaic Cell A light quantum of sufficient energy falls on the upper surface of the solar cell, passes through the space charge emitter region, and gets absorbed in the p-region. The absorption leads to the creation of an electron- hole pair, the electron in the conduction band and hole in the valence band. As a result of the electron migration to n-region and the migration of the holes to the p-region, there is an excess of electrons in the n-region and a deficiency in the p-region. If now the p-region and n-regions are connected together through a conductor and the load, the generated voltage by charge separation gives rise to the current and power.

10 Overview. Major types of Solar Cells Monocrystalline silicon solar cells Polycrystalline silicon solar cells Amorphous Silicon solar cells Tandom Solar Cells (Multilayered Cells) CdS-Cu S Solar Cells Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells

11 Overview. Manufacturing of a typical Silicon Solar Cell. Purifying the silicon. Making single crystal silicon. Making silicon wafers. Doping 5. Placing electrical contacts 6. Anti-reflective coating 7. Encapsulating the cell

12 Overview.5 Construction and Operation of Solar Generators A unit of solar cells combined together is known as a module In order to achieve the required voltage, the solar cells are connected with each other in series. When one needs current higher than what one solar cell can produce, the cells are connected in parallel Series Connection of Solar Cells Series connection of solar cells are achieved by connectingthepositiveatthefrontofonecellwiththe negativeatthebackofthesecondcell Parallel Connection of Solar Cells This type of connection is achieved by connecting all negatives & all positives together Here it does not really matter how much current the individual cells produce In practice, a module has all solar cells in series and modules are connected in parallel

13 Overview.. Classification of Case Studies.. Case. SEWA Social Security Building.. Case. SEWA Academy Building.. Case. A cluster of houses in Adalaj Village.5.5 Case. A cluster of houses in Pore Village

14 . Identification and Classification of Case Studies Buildings that are also connected to the utility grid Buildings that are not connected to the utility grid Identified Case studies i. SEWA Social Security Building ii. SEWA Academy Identified Case studies i. A cluster of houses in pore village ii. A cluster of houses in Adalaj village

15 . CASE. SEWA Social Security Building Parameter Description Building Type Office building Terrace Area 95 sq m No. of Floors G + No. of Occupants 5 Major Equipments & Devices used in the system PV Modules Orientation South Inclination from horizontal 5 Size of one module 6 cm x cm No. of modules used 8 Wattage of one module 75 W Charge Regulator A Battery No. of Batteries Capacity V Maximum Output 8 Ah Appliances W Solar Astra Luminar Light 5 Nos. 7 W Solar Astra Luminar Light No. W Solar Mirror Optical Luminar Light Nos. W Solar Pedastal Fan 8 Nos. Usage Patterns Annual Average running hours/day for all lights 6 Annual Average running hours/day for all fans

16 . CASE. SEWA Social Security Building PV modules 75 W 8 Nos. All modules are connected in parallel Charge Regulator A Battery V 8 Ah Nos. All batteries are connected in parallel lights & 8 fans

17 . CASE. SEWA Academy Building Parameter Building Type Terrace Area Description Training Centre (Academy) 75 sq m No. of Floors G + No. of Occupants 9 PV system application date st August, 9 PV modules applied in building Total area PV modules Total PV Output Total PV Connected Load Sloped roof 7. sq m 6 W 7 W Total Cost of the System INR

18 . CASE. SEWA Academy Building Major Equipments & Devices used in the system PV Modules Orientation of the modules South Inclination from Horizontal Surface Size of one PV Module 6 cm x cm No. of Modules used Wattage of one module 75 W Nos. Wattage of one module 6 W 8 Nos. Charge Regulator A Battery No. of batteries 6 Nos. ( at each floor) On first floor V, 5 Ah On second floor V, Ah On third Floor V, Ah Appliances First Floor Solar astra luminar x w Solar mirror optical luminar x w Solar pedastal Fan x W Second Floor: Solar astra luminar 6 x w Solar pedastal Fan x W Third Floor Solar astra luminar 6 x w Solar pedastal Fan x W Usage Patterns Annual Average running hours/day for all lights 6 Annual Average running hours/day for all fans First Floor PV modules 75 W Nos. All modules are connected in parallel Charge Controller A Battery V 5 Ah Nos. All batteries are connected in parallel 6 lights & fans Second Floor PV modules 75 W Nos. All modules are connected in parallel Charge Controller A 8 lights & fans Battery V 5 Ah Nos. All batteries are connected in parallel 6 lights & fans Third Floor PV modules 75 W Nos. All modules are connected in parallel Charge Controller A Battery V 5 Ah Nos. All batteries are connected in parallel 6 lights & fans

19 . CASE. A cluster of houses in Adalaj Village Parameter Description Building Type No. of Floors Residence Ground floor only No. of Occupants PV modules applied in building Total PV Output Total PV Connected Load Sloped roof 6 W 5 W Total Cost of the System INR

20 . CASE. A cluster of houses in Adalaj Village Major Equipments & Devices used in the system PV Modules Orientation of the modules South Inclination from Horizontal Surface No. of Modules used Wattage of one module 5 W - Nos. Wattage of one module W - No. Wattage of one module W Nos. Charge Regulator A Battery No. of batteries Nos. In first house V - Ah In second house V - Ah In third house V - Ah In fourth House V -6 Ah Appliances House Solar astra luminar x W Solar pedestal Fan x W House Solar astra luminar x W Solar pedestal Fan x W House Solar astra luminar x 7 W House Solar astra luminar x W Usage Patterns Annual Average running hours/day for all lights 6 House & House House x 5 W panel connected in parallel Ampere Charge Regulator V Ah Tubular Type Rechargeable Battery Single W panel Ampere Charge Regulator V Ah Tubular Type Rechargeable Battery Single W panel Ampere Charge Regulator V 6 Ah Tubular Type Rechargeable Battery lights & fan lights lights lights & fans

21 .5 CASE. A cluster of houses in Pore Village Parameter Building Type No. of Floors Description Residences Ground floor only No. of Occupants PV modules applied in building Total PV Output Total PV Connected Load Sloped roof 76 W 98. W Total Cost of the System INR

22 .5 CASE. A cluster of houses in Pore Village Major Equipments & Devices used in the system PV Modules Orientation of the modules South Inclination from Horizontal Surface No. of Modules used 5 Wattage of one module 6 W - No. Wattage of one module W - No. Wattage of one module 5 W Nos. Wattage of one module W No. Charge Regulator A Battery No. of batteries 5 Nos. In first house ( batteries ) V -.5 Ah In second house V - Ah In third house ( batteries ) V -6 Ah In fourth House V -6 Ah Appliances House LED light x. W House Solar astra luminar x W Solar astra luminar x 7 W House Solar astra luminar x W Solar Pedastal fan x W House Solar astra luminar x W Usage Patterns Annual Average running hours/day for all lights 6 House House House Single 6 W Panel Ampere Charge Regulator x 6 V.5 Ah Batteries connected in parallel Single W panel Ampere Charge Regulator V Ah Tubular Type Rechargeabl e Battery LED light lights 9 lights & fan Single W panel Ampere Charge Regulator x V 6 Ah Tubular Type Rechargeabl e Battery lights & fan House Single W panel Ampere Charge Regulator V 6 Ah Tubular Type Rechargeabl e Battery lights

23 .. Methodology for Analysis.. Analysis of Case. SEWA Social Security Building.. Analysis of Case. Cluster of houses in Adalaj Village.. Overall Analysis & Results

24 . Methodology for Analysis Financial Suitability. Capital Expenditure Base Case Conventional System Operational Expenditure Design Case PV System Operational Expenditure. Operational Expenditure Savings Interest Depreciation Inflation factor. Cash Flows. Payback Period 5. IRR Technical Suitability. Parameters Considered Shadowing from other structures [out of 5] Layout and spacing of panels [out of 5] Orientation [out of 5] Angle of inclination [out of 5] Water Resistance [out of 5] Sun movement tracking [out of 5] Ease of installation [out of 5] Transportation of the Equipment & Appliances [out of 5] Supporting Battery capacity [out of 5] Efficiency of the overall system [out of 5]. Total marks out of 5. % Technical viability Environmental Benefits Base Case Conventional System CO emission factor Base Case Conventional System Consumption Base Case Conventional System Total CO emissions Reduction in CO emissions. Designed Case PV System CO emission factor Designed Case PV System Consumption.Designed Case PV System Total CO emissions

25 . Analysis for Case SEWA Social Security Building A. Financial Suitability Analysis 8,, 6,,,, INR,, - for 6% interest for % interest for % interest -,, Year Year Year Year Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year Year Year Year Year Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year Year Year Year Year Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year -,, -6,, Cumulative Cash Profit Line showing Payback Period considering different scenarios for Case

26 Technical Suitability Analysis. Analysis for Case SEWA Social Security Building SrNo. TechnicalSuitabilityParameters Points based on design & observation (out of 5) Remarks Shadowing from other structures 5 Zero shadowing from nearby structures Layout and spacing of panels Some area of the panels is shadowed by adjacent panels during evening time Orientation 5 south oriented which is most suitable Angle of inclination 5 5 degrees from horizontal which is most suitable 5 Water Resistance 5 The panels are covered with glass and sealed into ethylene vinyl acetate 6 Sun movement tracking Absent 7 Ease of installation The installation was done into previously occupied building though the complete project was done by a single company 8 Transportation of the Equipment & Appliances The equipments are transported from bangaluru, karnataka which is not suitable 9 Supporting Battery capacity 5 Nos. of 8 Ah V batteries are used which are adeqaute for the system Overall system Design The design includes a charge controller connected between the panels and a battery. The battery is then connected to the DC appliances with switches. The complete system runs independent of the utility grid connections in the building Total /5 % Technical suitability 7.7

27 . Analysis for Case SEWA Social Security Building Environmental Benefit Analysis CO emissions by conventional system Unit Base Case Emission factor (Coal Power) kg/kwh.797 Base case consumption kwh/year 68 Total CO emmisons kg/year 76.7 CO emission by PV production Emission Factor Kg/kWh.566 Design case consumption KWh/year 5.8 Total CO emissions kg/year.8767 Reduction in CO emissions kg/year 7.5

28 . Analysis for Case. Cluster of Houses in Adalaj Village A. Financial Suitability Analysis,,,5,,, INR,5,,, for 6% interest for % interest for % interest 5, - -5, 6 8 Years

29 B. Technical Suitability Analysis. Analysis for Case. Cluster of Houses in Adalaj Village Sr. No. Parameters Points (out of 5) Remarks Shadowing from other structures 5 Zero shadowing from nearby structures Layout and spacing of panels 5 Zero shadowing by adjacent panels during complete day time Orientation 5 south oriented which is most suitable Angle of inclination 5 5 degrees from horizontal which is most suitable The panels are covered with glass and sealed into ethylene vinyl acetate 5 Water Resistance but problems are encountered 6 Sun movement tracking Absent 7 Ease of installation The installation was done into previously occupied building though the complete project was done by a single company 8 Transportation of the Equipment & Appliances The equipments are transported from bangaluru, karnataka which is not suitable 9 Supporting Battery capacity 5 Batteries used are separate for each house. The sizing of thee batteries is adequate and alllows maximum possible storage of power from the panels Overall system Design The design includes a charge controller connected between the panels and a battery. The battery is then connected to the DC appliances with switches. The complete system runs independent of the utility grid connections in the building Total 9 % Technical suitability 78

30 . Analysis for Case. Cluster of Houses in Adalaj Village C. Environmental Benefit Analysis CO emissions by conventional system Unit Base Case Emission factor (Kerosene) kg/l Base case consumption l/year 55.6 Total CO emissions kg/year 576 CO emissions by PV production Emission Factor Kg/kWh.5 Design case consumption KWh/year 56.8 Total CO emissions kg/year.7 Reduction in CO emissions kg/year 565

31 . Overall Analysis and Results INR Case -SEWA SSB 5 Case -SEWA Academy Case -Adalaj Village Case -Pore village -5 Years Cumulative Cash Profit line showing payback period for all the case studies considering scenario of 6% interest rate on capital amount

32 . Overall Analysis and Results INR Case -SEWA SSB Case -SEWA Academy Case -Adalaj Village Case -Pore village -75 Years Cumulative Cash Profit line showing payback period for all the case studies considering scenario of % interest rate on capital amount

33 . Overall Analysis and Results INR Years Case -SEWA SSB Case -SEWA Academy Case -Adalaj Village Case -Pore village Cumulative Cash Profit line showing payback period for all the case studies considering scenario of % interest rate on capital amount

34 . Overall Analysis and Results Technical Suitability for all cases Case Case Case Case Shadowing from other structures Layout and spacing of panels Orientation Angle of inclination Water Resistance Sun movement tracking Ease of installation Transportation of the Equipment & Appliances Supporting Battery capacity Overall system Design Reduction in Carbon dioxide emissions Case Case Case Case kg/year

35 .. Scrutiny of Results.. & Inferences

36 . Scrutiny of Results Cases Case -SEWA Social Security Building Case -SEWA Academy Case -Cluster of houses in Adalaj Case -Cluster of houses in Pore Sce enario [6%] Financial Suitability Payback period (Years) Project IRR (%) Sce enario [%] Sce enario [%] Sce enario [6%] Sce enario [%] Sce enario [%] Technical Suitability Pe ercentage Environmen tal Benefits Annual Reduction in Carbon dioxide emissions [kg/year] 6 8% 6% 5% 8% % 5% % 78% % 6% % 78% % % 7% 76% 7

37 . Inferences and Inferences Financially, the implementation of a photovoltaic system is much more suitable, in buildings which are not connected with the utility gird and depend on kerosene for lighting purpose as compared to buildings which are also connected to the utility grid. Technically, the implementation of a photovoltaic system is considered suitable for both types of studied cases. Environmentally, all the projects that have implemented a photovoltaic system in the building are contributing in reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to a great extent. A low initial cost of implementation or subsidized capital expenditure can make the system more financially viable for buildings which are connected to the utility grid An adequate sizing and design of the overall system plays an important role in making the system more financially viable. Larger systems which can replace more electricity consumption from conventional modes are more beneficial financially, technically as well as environmentally. Any such project is environmentally beneficial, with respect to carbon dioxide emissions, as huge amount of emissionscanbereducedoverthelifecycleofthesystem.

38 Thank You