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2 Consultancy and Construction Firm 7500 staff worldwide, 1800 staff UK Water and Energy

3 Bringing Our Global Unconventional Experience to the UK

4 Hydrocarbon Strategy and Water/Brine Management Strategy inextricably linked Both Strategies must be developed in parallel for project success

5 Wastewater from shale gas drilling Disposal Options Treatment Options Look ahead what does the UK need to do to deal with wastewater from Fracking?

6 Frack Flowback Water injected to hydrofracture the formation returns quickly (1 to 2 weeks) Around 30-40% of injected water Produced water Naturally occurring brine water that is generated over the life of the well

7 Proppant to keep fractures open Polymeric thickeners for proppant transport Cross-linking agents for thickener Bactericide to minimize polymer degradation and scaling Friction reducers, e.g. polyamides, allowing pumping at high rates Breaker fluids, acids, oxidizers or enzymes degrading the polymer for post fracturing fluid recovery Surfactants

8 What the well profile and Produced Water profile could look like Gas Rate MMscfd & Number of Wells Online Gas / Water Rates 3 Rig Scenario Gas Rate SC - Monthly (MMscf/day) Number of Wells (cumulative) Water Rate SC - Monthly (bbl/day) 60,000 55,000 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20, , , , /07/2009 7/12/2014 8/06/2020 9/12/2025 1/06/2031 1/11/2036 4/05/2042 4/11/2047 6/04/2053 7/10/2058 Water Rate bbl/day Produced Water (m3/d) 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Potential Produced Water Quantity Year This is indicative only based on information in the public domain

9 Very high TDS Large initial Flow back more than twice seawater Lower produced water quantity Predominantly NaCl Generated throughout well life High Iron High Calcium Reduces as well ages Maintenance of gas production requires continuous drilling Very high Silica Low volumes with very high TDS Produced Water generated at numerous geographically remote locations

10 Wastewater from shale gas drilling Disposal Options Treatment Options Look ahead what does the UK need to do to deal with wastewater from Fracking?

11 NORM removal Re-use as Frack Water Is treatment needed? Direct re-use? Offsite Discharge Trade Effluent River Sea

12 NORM removal ph correction, coagulation and settlement Re-use as Frack Water Is treatment needed? Direct re-use? Offsite Discharge Trade Effluent River Sea

13 NORM removal ph correction, coagulation and settlement Re-use as Frack Water Solids and hydrocarbon removal Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry Offsite Discharge Trade Effluent River Sea

14 NORM removal ph correction, coagulation and settlement Re-use as Frack Water Solids and hydrocarbon removal Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry Offsite Discharge Trade Effluent River Sea Solids Removal Hydrocarbon and oil removal Anything More? Salinity treatment by dilution?

15 Minimum Sewage Works Capacity for treatmet by dilution (PE) 190, , , , , , , , , ,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Diagram showing Minimum Sewage Works Size Needed to Treat Various Produced Water Quantities and Qualities by Dilution - 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90, , , ,000 Produced Water Salinity (mg/l) Range >4,000 wells foreseeable >70,000 m3/d foreseeable 370 wells 185 wells 31 wells 6,000m 3 /d 5,000m 3 /d 4,000m 3 /d 3,000m 3 /d 2,000m 3 /d 1,000m 3 /d 500m 3 /d 1000 mg/l salinity, 500 m3/d produced water, 3000 mg/l max salinity allowed, 200 l/hd/d WwTW flow 1000 mg/l salinity, 1000 m3/d produced water, 3000 mg/l max salinity allowed, 200 l/hd/d WwTW flow 1000 mg/l salinity, 2000 m3/d produced water, 3000 mg/l max salinity allowed, 200 l/hd/d WwTW flow 1000 mg/l salinity, 3000 m3/d produced water, 3000 mg/l max salinity allowed, 200 l/hd/d WwTW flow 1000 mg/l salinity, 4000 m3/d produced water, 3000 mg/l max salinity allowed, 200 l/hd/d WwTW flow 1000 mg/l salinity, 5000 m3/d produced water, 3000 mg/l max salinity allowed, 200 l/hd/d WwTW flow 1000 mg/l salinity, 6000 m3/d produced water, 3000 mg/l max salinity allowed, 200 l/hd/d WwTW flow

16 NORM removal ph correction, coagulation and settlement Re-use as Frack Water Solids and hydrocarbon removal Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry Offsite Discharge Trade Effluent River Sea Solids Removal Hydrocarbon and oil removal Salinity Reduction Anything at More? commercial scale Salinity treatment by dilution?

17 NORM removal ph correction, coagulation and settlement Re-use as Frack Water Solids and hydrocarbon removal Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry Offsite Discharge Trade Effluent Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction in long term River Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction Sea Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction

18 Wastewater from shale gas drilling Disposal Options Treatment Options Look ahead what does the UK need to do to deal with wastewater from Fracking?

19 NORM removal ph correction, coagulation and settlement Re-use as Frack Water Solids and hydrocarbon removal Salinity reduction due Frack pump limitations, not well chemistry Offsite Discharge Trade Effluent Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction in long term River Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction Sea Solids, hydrocarbons and salinity reduction

20 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Forward Osmosis (FO) Ion Exchange (IX) Higgins Loop Electrodialysis / Electrodialysis Reversal (ED/EDR) Vibratory Shear Enhanced Process (VSEP) Capacitive Deionization Thermal Processes.

21 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Forward Osmosis (FO) Ion Exchange (IX) Higgins Loop Electrodialysis / Electrodialysis Reversal (ED/EDR) Vibratory Shear Enhanced Process (VSEP) Capacitive Deionization Thermal Processes.

22 Primary RO / Secondary RO Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) with either Mechanical Vapour Compressor (MVC) or Thermo Vapour Compressor (TVC) Brine Concentrator with either MVC or TVC.

23 Primary RO / Secondary RO Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) with either Mechanical Vapour Compressor (MVC) or Thermo Vapour Compressor (TVC) Brine Concentrator with either MVC or TVC.

24 Feed Water RO Permeate RO Concentrate Advantages: Proven technology for removing dissolved compounds from water Capable of treating wide range of TDS Commercially available from multiple vendors. Disadvantages: fouling/scaling. Highly reliant on pretreatment processes Potential TDS limitations

25 Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) with either MVC or TVC Advantages: Operates at low temperatures (<70 C) More efficient compared with MSF. Less capital intensive compared with BC and MSF Utilises waste heat. Disadvantages: Issues with foam. Reliance on waste heat

26 Brine Concentrator with either MVC or TVC. Advantages: More efficient compared with MSF. Foam is not an issue compared with MED. Less dependent on other infrastructure being in place Less potential for noise issues, no steam ejectors. Disadvantages: Higher CAPEX compared with MED.. Higher electrical energy requirements Tall units, visual impact More site installation work is required in comparison to MED.

27 Increasing Energy Consumption and System Complexity

28 Increasing Specific Energy Consumption Reverse Osmosis 1 4.5KW/m 3 Multi Effect Distillation KW/m (TVR), 9-15 (MVR) Multi Stage Flash 8-25KW/m 3 Multi Effect Evaporation 25-30KW/m 3 Brine Concentrator 20-45KW/m 3 Crystallizer 45-75KW/m 3 Increasing Specific Energy Consumption

29 Wastewater from shale gas drilling Disposal Options Treatment Options Look ahead what does the UK need to do to deal with wastewater from Fracking?

30 Hydrocarbon Strategy and Water/Brine Management Strategy inextricably linked Both Strategies must be developed in parallel for project success

31 120mg/l TDS 40, ,000mg/l TDS Re-use / Export Tank Re-use / Export Tank DF MF IX WAC Thermal / RO 20mg/l TDS Feed Pond NORM Treatment Fine Filtration Feed Softening Fresh Water Separation 100, ,000mg/l TDS IX BS Brine Softening AA SiO 2 Adsorption Thermal Treatment Fresh Water Separation Multiple Processing Facilities Onsite Installation Offsite / Central Brine Treatment Concentrated Brine / Sallt Precipitate 200,000+mg/l TDS

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33 Separator Compressor Heater Pre-heaters Feed pumps Pre-heaters

34 120mg/l TDS 40, ,000mg/l TDS Re-use / Export Tank Re-use / Export Tank DF MF IX WAC Thermal / RO 20mg/l TDS Feed Pond NORM Treatment Fine Filtration Feed Softening Fresh Water Separation 100, ,000mg/l TDS IX BS Brine Softening AA SiO 2 Adsorption Thermal Treatment Fresh Water Separation Multiple Processing Facilities Onsite Installation Offsite / Central Brine Treatment Concentrated Brine / Sallt Precipitate 200,000+mg/l TDS

35 Are we really going to install Brine Concentrators and Crystallisers?? What is the best overall economic solution? Can we integrate a solution into an existing asset at a refinery? Can the brine to used as a feed to a Chloro Chemicals business?

36 Aligned hydrocarbon and water/brine management strategy Agreed TDS limits for river and sea discharges Knowledge of the specific produced water quantity and quality Socially acceptable waste management strategy Tankers / pipelines / discharges.. End to end waste management strategy Zero Liquid Discharge? If not then what? Refinery asset re-use / chloro chemicals feed? The answer is out there! We know how to make it work It has been done before We just need to know the question!

37 Thank You