GHG Emissions in Renewable Feedstock Production

Transcription

1 GHG Emissions in Renewable Feedstock Production Accounting and Mitigation Calculation of GHG emissions and GHG mitigation related to biomethane production 23 May 2017, Brussels Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. European Biogas Association Slide 1 of 22

2 BIOSURF (BIOmethane as SUstainable and Renewable Fuel) aims to increase the production and use of biomethane (from animal waste, other waste materials and sustainable biomass), for grid injection and as transport fuel by removing non-technical barriers and by paving the way towards a European biomethane market. The project BIOUSRF (within WP5) aims to reduce the uncertainties related to the calculation of GHG emissions for biomethane value chains in order to provide assistance to economic operators in their day-to-day work. Slide 2 of 22

3 Deliverable 5.1: Discussion of main Issues, specialities and challenges for GHGaccounting of Biomethane Methodological recommendations source: BIOSURF D5.1 Deliverable 5.2: comprehensive database on emission savings in relation to nutrient recycling, use of agricultural by products and waste streams Deliverable 5.3: Calculation of GHG-emissions for various biomethane pathways Slide 3 of 22

4 Motivation In the recent years, the demonstration of GHG mitigation effects from the production and use of biofuels has gained significant importance: RED (Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC): 10% target for energy from renewable sources in the transport sector by 2020 Sustainability requirements for biofuels FQD (Fuel Quality Directive 2009/30/EC): Definition of a GHG reduction target in the national mixture of transportation fuels Slide 4 of 22

5 Basic calculation methodology GHG-mitigation potential According to Annex V of the EU RED, three possibilities exist for biofuel producers to prove that the GHG-mitigation potential of their biofuel meets the defined requirements and thresholds 1. The use of the default values for the biofuels included in Annex V of the EU RED 2. An individual calculation based on actual values 3. A combination of actual values and disaggregated default values from EU RED Annex V. Slide 5 of 22

6 GHG calculations according to RED cultivation processing transport use CO 2 -capture surplus electricity GHG-Emissions from: GHG-Emission savings from: e ec = the extraction or cultivation of raw materials e sca = soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural management e l = the carbon stock changes caused by land-use change e ccs = carbon capture and geological storage e p = processing e td = transport and distribution e ccr = carbon capture and replacement e ee = excess electricity from cogeneration e u = the fuel in use According to EU RED Annex V6 Slide 6 of 22

7 Effects of Manure Treatments untreated separation drying digestion Avoiding uncontrolled GHG emissions No If immediately treated m a n u r e Destroying weed seeds No Destroying Plant Offshoot (invasive species) Destroying Plant Pathogens Carbon Recovery to Soil No No Energy Recovery Slide 7 of 22

8 Biomethane from slurry/manure Source: BIOSURF D5.2 Slide 8 of 22

9 Biomethane from slurry/manure Significant emission savings from avoided slurry/manure storage Impact of process energy supply Source: DBFZ; BIOSURF D5.3 Slide 9 of 22

10 Biomethane from slurry/manure Source: Solid and gaseous bioenergy pathways: input values and GHG emissions calculated according to the methodology set in COM(2010) 11 and SWD(2014) (.JRC 2015) Slide 10 of 22

11 Sensitivity analysis Most sensitive parameter: - (gastight) storage of the digestate, - Energy supply, - Plant operation/management methane emissions Source: DBFZ; BIOSURF D5.3 Slide 11 of 22

12 Expected emissions from untreated storage of manure in the EU [t CO2 equi ] AT BE BG CY CZ DK DE EE ES FI FR GR HR HU IE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK UK Slide 12 of 22

13 Expected GHG Emission Mitigation If 33% of European manure was treated via AD Total Amount of Manure Anaerobic Digestion Amount of manure Emissions from untreated total amount manure GHG Emission mitigation via AD of 33% of manure GHG emission compared to oil combustion Total GHG emission mitigation [t VS a -1 ] [t CO 2-equ ] [t CO 2-equ ] [t CO 2-equ ] [t CO 2-equ ] Total EU emissions in 2014: 4.4 bio t CO 2eq Slide 13 of 22

14 The variety of technological pathways Slide 14 of 22

15 Effects of Treatment of Catch Crops Bare fallow Rotting on Field Harvesting and Digesting Avoiding uncontrolled GHG Emissions no no C a t c h c r o p s Avoiding Nutrient and Carbon Degassing no no Safe Nutrient Storage no partly Avoiding Soil Erosion no Carbon Recovery to Soil no Energy Recovery no no Slide 15 of 22

16 Carbon Cycling: Catch Crops Digesting: brings nearly the same amount of Carbon back to soil (10 15 % difference Slide 16 of 22

17 Nutrient Cycling: Catch Crops 120% 100% measurement serie 1 measurement serie 2 measurement serie 3 80% 60% 40% 20% Degassing and N leakage into ground water Digestions: Save nutrient storage 0% Growth yield of Nitrogen Remained Nitrogen after rotting process Nitrogen in biogas Nitrogen in digestate Carbon path if Nutrient Path if digested Slide 17 of 22

18 Open topics on European Policy If application of digestate to soil Allocation of nutrients within digestate Fertilisers Regulation 2003/2003 Nitrates Directive 91/676/EEC) Allocation of carbon within digestate Allocation of added value of digestate Destroying of pathogens, weed seeds GHG savings from source-separated biodegradable fraction in municipal waste (biowaste) Account GHG savings from nutrient recycling (NPK) and organic carbon recycling which would be lost otherwise (e.g. incineration, landfilling) Cross reference RED objectives with Landfill Directive and Waste Framework Directive objectives Slide 18 of 22

19 Summary of Benefits Many Advantages of Treatment of Manure and Agricultural Residues via Anaerobic Digestion: Mitigation of uncontrolled GHG emissions Destroying Plant Pathogens and Seed Weeds Carbon Recovery to Soil Nutrient Recovery to Soil Energy recovery Protection of soil erosion Slide 19 of 22

20 Bruno Deremince, EBA Stefanie Scheidl, EBA Stefan Majer, DBFZ European Biogas Association Renewable Energy House Rue d'arlon B Brussels Slide 20 of info@european-biogas.eu

21 GHG Mitigation by AD of Manure GHG emissions of livestock contribute to 18% to global warming more than transpor sector 9% of worldwide CO 2 emissions, 37% of worldwide CH 4 emissions and 65% of worldwide N 2 O emissions (FAO, 2006) Treatment of manure in focus of European and national legislation (environment, climate, waste treatment, renewable energies) Italy (37%), Greece (35%) and Germany (15%) treat most of their manure (not only AD) Manure treatment: European average 8% (Foged, Flotats, Blasi, Palatsi, Magri, & Schelde, 2011) Slide 21 of 22

22 Effects of Manure Treatments untreated separation drying digestion Avoiding uncontrolled GHG emissions No If immediately treated m a n u r e Destroying weed seeds No Destroying Plant Offshoot (invasive species) Destroying Plant Pathogens Carbon Recovery to Soil No No Energy Recovery Slide 22 of 22