July 4, /07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 1

Transcription

1 July 4, /07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 1

2 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science I Division of Environmental Material Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science The first semester of Fiscal :30 12:00, Thursday at Lecture Room D103 Bunsho Ohtani Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo , Japan (dial-in)/ (facsimile) ohtani@cat.hokudai.ac.jp /07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 2

3 objectives/goal/keywords objectives Understanding of scientific methods based on the studies on chemicals and environments. No transmission of knowledge in chemistry or environmental science is expected. goal To find a way of thinking and to understand fundamental scientific methods for better interpretation of chemistry and environment keywords Environment and chemicals, Scientific methods, Fundamentals for chemical research topics fuel cell: mass communication and scientific articles/microwave oven/identification of chemical substances/dioxin/climbing Mount Everest/A map of European countries: taking laboratory notebooks/triple crown in science/jamming up in buses: originality in science/diet control products and methods: ethics/recycle 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 3

4 format Answer several questions in each classes. Any answers are evaluated if meaningful. Answers in null correspond just your absence. <30%> A quiz, leading to and encouraging understanding chemistry and/or science, has to be submitted in the end of this course. <50%> Students have to submit "a question" with each nickname to Professor Ohtani and impression/comments after each class and vote for "question and answer". <20%> 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 4

5 schedule (1) April 11 introduction with introduction (2) April 18 mole and Avogadro's constant (3) April 25 necessary and sufficient conditions/mt. Everest (4) May 2 microwave oven/internet (5) May 9 originality in science/fake May 16 (no class) (6) May 23 experimental notebook (7) May 30 blood type/chi-square (chi-squared) test (8) June 6 cell (9) June 13 triple crown in science (10) June 20 recycle June 27 (no class) (11) July 4 ecology (12) July 11 green-house effect/recognition//xxx'ed July 16 (deadline for submission of "quiz") (13) July 18 (presentation of quiz [1]) (14) July 25 (presentation of quiz [2]) (15) August 1 (no class) 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 5

6 quiz nickname quiz expected answer/correct answer explanation for how the quiz is beneficial for understanding chemistry and science Send by July 16, 2013 Use of texts in , not using a Microsoft Word file attachment, is preferable, or Send a Microsoft PowerPoint file for slides of "quiz (nickname)" and "the others" by file attachment. ohtani@cat.hokudai.ac.jp 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 6

7 the best question and answer Q Which is the best question? Answer the nickname. Q Which is the best answer? Answer the nickname. 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 7

8 today's topic = ecology recycle ecology 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 8

9 ecology Q What is "ecology"? 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 9

10 ecology in Wikipedia Ecology is a sub-discipline of biology, the study of life. The word "ecology" ("oekologie") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel ( ). Haeckel was a zoologist, artist, writer, and later in life a professor of comparative anatomy. Ancient philosophers of Greece, including Hippocrates and Aristotle, were among the earliest to record notes and observations on the natural history of plants and animals; the early rudiments of modern ecology. Modern ecology mostly branched out of natural history science that flourished in the late 19th century. Charles Darwin's evolutionary treatise and the concept of adaptation as it was introduced in 1859 is a pivotal cornerstone in modern ecological theory. Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history or environmental science. Ecology is closely related to the biological disciplines of physiology, evolution, genetics and behavior. An understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function is an important focus area in ecological studies. Ecosystems sustain every lifesupporting function on the planet, including climate regulation, water filtration, soil formation (pedogenesis), food, fibers, medicines, erosion control, and many other natural features of historical, spiritual or scientific value. Many people in Japan use this word to show something environmentally benign 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 10

11 ecological way: vinyl bags Q Is "no-use of vinyl bags" in stores ecological? Answer with reasons. 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 11

12 ecological way: vinyl bags Three thousands million (30,000,000,000) vinyl bags were used in Japan in 2008, which corresponded to 250,000 tons of petroleum. The source distilled part of petroleum is of low boiling point which has no other usage to be discarded by burning, i.e., no decrease of resulting carbon dioxide can be expected when those vinyl bags are not used in stores. A vinyl bag costs ca JPY Assuming that the average weight of vinyl bag to be 8 g and two bags (16 g) are used per occasion, use of petroleum corresponding to vinyl bags can be reduced only by that 10% of people stop using cars to visit stores (8 g gasoline = 0.1 km drive). Reduction of usage of cars is much more effective for reduction of carbon-dioxide emission. 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 12

13 gasoline ticket (July 16, 2008) ItoYokado starts today to offer discount gasoline coupons to the shopers purchasing to some amount. The service are available in their 79 affiliated stores. <snip> For six days from 16 to 20, '10-yen-reduction per one liter' gas discount coupons are given to every purchase of JPY5,000. No more than to coupons are provided to the same person even if his/her purchase amounts excess JPY10,000. <snip> 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 13

14 ecological way: disposable chopsticks Q Is it "ecological" not to use disposable chopsticks? 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 14

15 ecological way: disposable chopsticks Q Is it "ecological" not to use disposable chopsticks? A Use of disposable chopstick may be more ecological. For maintenance of forests, it is necessary to thin trees and to cut small branches and resultant woods cannot be carried out, if they are sold. Then, forests become sick. In Japan, use of disposable chopsticks has been limited due to the misunderstanding, disabling proper use of waste wood after thinning and pruning. A large part of woods of disposable chopsticks is imported from China. The woods should be used for other purposes. In overall forests both in Japan and China are dameged. 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 15

16 sea level Q Is sea level raised due to the global warming? 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 16

17 melting of ice Q Ice, volume of which under water level is 0.9 L and over water level is 0.1 L melts. Estimate the change of water level, assuming density of (liquid) water to be /07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 17

18 melting of ice Q Ice, volume of which under water level is 0.9 L and over water level is 0.1 L melts. Estimate the change of water level, assuming density of (liquid) water to be 1. A The ice is given buoyancy of 0.9 kg (= mass of water pushed out by the ice) and this means that the mass of ice is 0.9 kg. Since the volume of 0.9 kg water is 0.9 L, no change of water level will be observed no change of sea level due to melting of arctic ice 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 18

19 global warming and the Antarctic continent Q Is ice on the Antarctic continent reduced due to the global warming? 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 19

20 global warming and the Antarctic continent Q Is ice on the Antarctic continent reduced due to the global warming? A Ice on the continent is mainly due to snow fall and the temperature in a central part of the continent is ca. 50 deg C. If the temperature of sea water raised, amount of water vapor in air will be increased to result in heavier snow fall and increase in the amount of ice 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 20

21 ice in Greenland "An Inconvenient Truth" by Al Gore tells that in near future ice covering Greenland will melt to raise water level by 6 m. At least several thousands years are necessary (IPCC) 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 21

22 sea level and global warming Q Tuvalu has had problems with flooding in its coastal areas which has affected its agriculture industry. Is this due to "global warming"? Tuvalu Marshal islands 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 22

23 sea level rise Q How much raise of sea level by global warming is expected in Japan? 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 23

24 sea level in Tuvalu The South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project. The Bureau of Meteorology, Australia (February 6, 2007). maximum average minimum 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 24

25 sea level rise Q How much raise of sea level by global warming is expected in Japan? A ca. 10 cm. cf. change in seasons: ca. 40 cm (highest in summer due to expansion of sea water. Low pressure of 50 hpa raises sea level by ca. 50 cm. Considering these problems, there will be no effect of rise in sea level. 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 25

26 collection: pull-tab/newspaper/paper carton Pull tab: 1,400,000 pull tabs of aluminum cans (700 kg/jpy140,000,000!) are equivalent to 1 wheel chair (JPY70,000): JPY100 for 1 kg. Newspaper: JPY0.5 for 1 kg. Paper carton: JPY0 for 1 kg. 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 26

27 recycle/ecology Kunihiko TAKEDA 武田邦彦 ( たけだくにひこ ) リサイクル幻想 文春新書 131 文藝春秋 (2000) 偽善エコロジー 幻冬舎新書 081 幻冬舎 (2008) エコロジー の有害性を訴えるだけでなく, どう判断すればいいのか についてものべている. 心が満足していると物は少なくてすむ = 好きな人がいれば,1 杯のコーヒーでも夢のような 2 時間を過ごすことができる 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 27

28 ecology Q Increase in the price of crude oil. Is this preferable, if you think ecologically? 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 28

29 ecology Q Increase in the price of crude oil. Is this preferable, if you think ecologically? A High price of gasoline may induce the decrease in use of cars and also production of cars, using energy such as petroleum to result in the decrease in carbon dioxide emission. trade-off relation between economical and environmental issues 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 29

30 guideline "inexpensive" エネルギーと資源の消費のためにはお金がかかる 安いもの はエネルギーと資源の消費が少ないということ 支出をへらす= 収入をふやすことではない 好景気 をもとめない 論理的な思考ができる政治家をえらぶ= 税金が少なくなる 自動車を所有するより, 必要なときにレンタカーをつかう方がやすあがり 必要以上に食べながら, お金を払ってフィットネスでエネルギーを消費するくらいなら, はじめから食べる量をへらせばよい= 支出がへるとおもえば食欲をがまんできる 単位体積あたりの価格が低い2 LサイズのPETボトルのお茶をもち歩くのはたいへんだが,500 mlのpetボトルにつめかえればよい. やかんで麦茶をつくる方がもっと経済的 ( じつは隠れた要素 =アスコルビン酸 ) 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 30

31 quiz nickname quiz expected answer/correct answer explanation for how the quiz is beneficial for understanding chemistry and science Send by July 16, 2013 Use of texts in , not using a Microsoft Word file attachment, is preferable, or Send a Microsoft PowerPoint file for slides of "quiz (nickname)" and "the others" by file attachment. ohtani@cat.hokudai.ac.jp 2013/07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 31

32 comments on this lecture and question Please send in Japanese or English within 48 hours to: subject: me xxxxxxxx(your id number) body: full name nickname comments on today's lecture question(s): at least one me /07/04 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 32