Southern California Society For Risk Analysis 26th Annual Workshop May 30, 2013

Transcription

1 Southern California Society For Risk Analysis 26th Annual Workshop May 30, 2013

2 Energy Cheap, Clean, and Domestic Supply National Security Economic Stimulus Public Local Impacts Lack of Disclosure Potential Health Effects Government Federal Exemptions Who s to Govern? What to Govern? Hydraulic Fracturing Environment Air Groundwater Surface Water Land

3 The use of pressurized fluids to create fractures in rock, allowing for the extraction of oil and natural gas from hard to reach deposits

4 Fracking Fluid: A mixture of base fluid and chemicals used to induce cracks/fractures underground Base Fluid: Predominately water, but others used (e.g., nitrogen, propane, CO 2, etc) Proppant: Sand or other materials used to keep cracks open Unconventional Oil and Gas Deposits: Oil and gas bearing formations that were previously too costly to extract Shale Tight Sands Coalbed Methane Flowback Water: Water with fracturing fluids returning to the surface Product Water: Water naturally produced from oil and gas wells

5 Imported Water: 45 60% Groundwater: 35 40% Other: 10 15%

6

7

8

9 Source: FracFocus.org/ Accessed May 23, 2013

10 Source: Water Replenishment District of Southern California

11 SCSRA May 30, 2013

12 Well Aquifer Sealing Rock Formation Oil/Gas Bearing Formation Fracturing Zone Source:

13 Raw Materials Pumping Equipment Well Storage Pond Treatment Facility Disposal Aquifer Sealing Rock Formation Oil/Gas Bearing Formation Fracturing Zone Source:

14 Well Development Sediment TDS Turbidity Oil and Grease Trace Metals

15 Water Acquisition MG water used per well California in wells surveyed by WSPA Average 117,000 gallons/fracture ~66 M gallons total Fresh water preferred Recycled or produced water less common

16 Chemicals Accidents Leaks Spills Transportation Over 700 chemicals identified Only 0.5 to 2.0% of total mixture Some are known to be hazardous/toxic What to monitor for? Lack of baseline data

17 > 98% Water and Sand 0.5 to 2% Other Acid Friction Reducer Surfactant Gelling Inhibitor Scale Inhibitor ph Adjuster Oxygen Scavenger Breaker Crosslinker Iron Control Corrosion Inhibitor Antibacterial Agent Over 700 individual chemicals identified Acrolein Acrylamide Ammonium Nitrate Butanol Diesel 1,4 Dioxane Ethylene Glycol Glutaraldehyde Hydrochloric Acid Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Sodium Chloride Sodium Hydroxide

18 Friction Reducer, 18.0% Surfactant, 17.3% Biocide, 0.20% Corrosion Inhibitor, 0.41% Iron Control, 0.82% Acid, 25.1% Crosslinker, 1.43% Breaker, 2.04% KCl, 12.2% ph Adjusting Agent, 2.24% Gelling Agent, 11.4% Scale Inhibitor, 8.8% SCSRA Source: DOE Modern Shale Gas Primer, Data for Fayetteville Shale, 2008 May 30, 2013

19 Food Grade Chemicals CleanStim TM Enzyme Exthoxylated Sugar Based Fatty Acid Ester Inorganic Acid Inorganic Salt Maltodextrin Organic Acid Organic Ester Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil Polysaccharide Polymer Sulfonated Alcohol Liquid Free Formulations Dry Fracturing Liquid CO 2 CO 2 Polymer Foams

20 High Pressure Injection Casing failure Contamination Mobilization

21 Wastewater Storage, Treatment, and Disposal Accidents Leaks Spills Transportation ~66 M gallons used in 2012 ~120 B gallons produced in 2011 ~70% Enhanced oil recovery ~25% Class II disposal wells ~ 5% NPDES permitted discharges

22 Methane/Oil Fracking Fluids Water Salinity Potassium Bromide/Chloride Carbonates Trace Metals Barium Strontium Iron Radionuclides (NORM) Wastewater Storage Pit

23 Induced Seismicity No studies have shown hydraulic fracturing leads to earthquakes Class I disposal wells have been linked to seismic events

24 Improper Well Closure Contamination Mobilization

25 Source: Cardno Entrix. Hydraulic Fracturing Study: PXP Inglewood Oil Field. October 10, 2012

26 Source: Cardno Entrix. Hydraulic Fracturing Study: PXP Inglewood Oil Field. October 10, 2012

27 Two Wells Studied High volume fracking 8,000 9,000 ft deep Peer reviewed No Impacts Found Microseismicity Groundwater Well Integrity Methane Ground Movement & Subsidence Induced Earthquakes Noise & Vibration Air Emissions Community Health Source: Cardno Entrix. Hydraulic Fracturing Study: PXP Inglewood Oil Field. October 10, 2012

28 State Well Drilling, Construction, and Operation Tracking of Hydraulic Fracturing Arizona Disclosure of Fracking Chemicals California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming

29 US Environmental Protection Agency Green completion to capture fugitive air emissions (VOCs, methane, etc.) Adopted April 18, 2012 under Clean Air Act US Department of Interior Revised draft released May 11, 2013 Applies to all federal and tribal lands Well bore integrity Disclosure of chemicals Management of flowback and produced water 30 day public comment period

30 S. 332 (Sanders and Boxer) Repeal Safe Drinking Water Act exemption Disclose hydraulic fracturing chemicals H.R (Polis) Repeal Clean Air Act exemption for aggregation of emissions from oil and gas sources Add hydrogen sulfide as hazardous air pollutant H.R (Cartwright) Study stormwater impacts associated with oil or gas operations

31 California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) Discussion Draft released December 17, 2012 Well construction and design criteria Chemical and process disclosure Pre and post monitoring Public notification 10 days prior Wastewater handling and disposal Adoption by January 1, 2014 (?) South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule adopted on April 5, 2013

32 13 bills related to hydraulic fracturing and oil and gas well development Chemical disclosure (AB 7 & SB 4) 30 day notice rather than 10 day notice (AB 7 & AB 288) Permit rather than Notice of Intent (AB 669 & SB 4) Classify produced water as hazardous waste (SB 395) Water use and monitoring (AB 669 & AB 982) Moratorium (AB 649, AB 1301, AB 1323, & SB 4) Reaffirms Uniform Trade Secrets Act (SB 802) Other (AB 1257, SB 34, SB 241 & SB 665)

33 Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing in California: A Wastewater and Water Quality Perspective 38 Recommendations covering a broad scope Provide water quality protections for aquifers up to 10,000 mg/l TDS to protect future use Increase water quality monitoring Piggyback with SWAMP and GAMA programs Use abandoned oil and gas wells as groundwater monitoring wells Create searchable and sortable databases Water use Chemicals

34 Over 150 constituents routinely monitored Many constituents (e.g., TDS, bromide, chloride, alkalinity, and benzene) serve as early warning indicators for potential contamination from oil and gas development activities Consumer Confidence Reports (CCRs) are publically available and mailed to consumers annually Metropolitan's Annual Reports serve as the basis for many utilities' CCR imported water quality data

35 Advocate for the inclusion of source water protection provisions in energy development policies, legislation, and regulations. Covered energy development activities may include, but are not limited to, oil and gas extraction that use enhanced recovery techniques such as hydraulic fracturing

36

37 Christopher Gabelich, D.Env. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California 700 N. Alameda St, Los Angeles, CA