Index. C Capacity building, 29 Capacity utilisation, 154 Capital cost, 154, 219 Cash flows, 153

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1 About the Editors Prof. Subhes Bhattacharyya of Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development of De Montfort University is an internationally renowned energy specialist with more than 25 years of experience. He leads a consortium of research organisations from the UK and India working on off-grid electricity access in South Asia. He has written widely on energy issues in developing countries and particularly on energy access. He is the author of a best-selling book on energy economics and has edited a book on rural electrification through decentralised off-grid systems. Mr. Debajit Palit of TERI has around 15 years of experience working in the field of clean energy access, rural electrification policy and regulation, distributed generation, solar photovoltaics and biomass gasification. He has also written widely on energy access and rural electrification issues, particularly related to South Asia, and authored a book on rural electricity distribution franchisees. He has a wide national and international experience, working in projects spread across Asia and Africa. He holds a Master degree in Physics and is currently pursuing Ph.D. in rural electrification policy from TERI University. S. C. Bhattacharyya and D. Palit (eds.), Mini-Grids for Rural Electrification of Developing Countries, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: / , Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland

2 Index A AC or a DC system, 187 AC system, 53 Access to credit, 366 Ambiguous regulatory arrangements, 149 Anaerobic digestion, 49 Analytical approaches, 95 AHP, 110 HOMER, 97 integrated approach, 121 life cycle costing, 98 MCDM, 97, 110 optimisation, 105 practice-oriented, 116 systems approach, 116 Analytical frameworks, 5 Anchor load, 157 Annual maintenance contract, 329 Assessment methodology, 178 B Bangladesh, 233 capacity utilisation, 259 diesel generator, 263 electricity access, 241 financial implications, 268 Grameen Shakti, 234 grid tariff parity, 269 levelised cost, 257 mini-grid, 233 needs assessment, 244 Palli Bidyut Samiti, 245 PV system, 259 RAPSS, 277 solar home system, 234 supply scenarios, 233 tariff, 271 total capital requirement, 271 Baseline survey, 178 Battery, 57 capacity of a battery, 82 categories of batteries, 81 depth of discharge, 74 discharging current, 83 lead acid batteries, 81 life of a battery, 84 lithium ion-based batteries, 81 Biodiesel, 17 Biodiesel generator, 209 Biomass, 47 anaerobic digestion, 47 pyrolysis, 47 transesterification, 48 Business challenges, 146 paying capacity, 147 regulatory weaknesses, 148 Business environment, 146 Business issues, 245 Business model, 20, 159, 374 anchor load, 161 basic lighting service, 159 ESCO, 24, 25 HPS, 21 light-plus ervice, 160 C Capacity building, 29 Capacity utilisation, 154 Capital cost, 154, 219 Cash flows, 153 S. C. Bhattacharyya and D. Palit (eds.), Mini-Grids for Rural Electrification of Developing Countries, Green Energy and Technology, DOI: / , Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland

3 406 Index CFL, 328 Charge controller, 184 Chhattisgarh, 313 Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board, 322 Clean Development Mechanism, 375 Cluster-based approach, 185 Community participation, 124 Consumer protection, 29, 30 CREDA, 316 institutional structure, 336 D Daily demand profile, 249 DC distribution, volts, 52 Decentralised Energy Systems India See DESI Power Decentralised, 16 Demand estimation, 212 Demand growth, 188 Demand management, 6, 135 circutor, 142 frequency tripping, 141 GridShare, 141 limit current flow, 137 time dependent solutions, 136 Urja Bandu, 142 voltage reduction, 136 voltage signalling, 140 Demonstration design and installation, 169 Demonstration project, 6, 169 community services, 180 design of solar photovoltaic power plants, 181 distribution network, 191 institutional setup, 173 load curve, 181 pre-installation, 169 selection of sites, 171 technical design, 183 Village Energy Committee, 175 DESI Power, 156, 374, 379 Build-Operate-Transfer, 380 captive power supply model, 387 investment challenge, 380 rural enterprising, 379 underground cables, 380 Distribution network, 154 E Economic analysis, 157 Economic benefits, 158 Electricity Act 2003, 321 Energy access, 1 electricity access, 2 Energy ladder, 239 F Field visits, 294 Financial analysis, 381 debt equity ratio, 383 differential tariff, 385 flat rate charge, 383 levelised cost, 383 risks, 390 tariff per Watt, 384 Financial viability, 151 Flexible demand management, 139 Funding, 155 capital grants, 155 carbon finance, 156 equity, 155 loans, 155 G Gasification gasifier, 48 Grameen Shakti, 20 H HDI See Human Development Index HOMER, 6, 205, 244 HPS, 373 build and maintain, 378 build, own and maintain, 378 build, own, operate and manage, 377 financial viability, 373 franchisee model, 378 programme of activities, 375 replication, 378 smart metres, 376 smart technologies, 376 Human development index, 16 Husk power systems See HPS Hybrid system, 205

4 Index 407 I Income class, 13 Indicator, 99 levelised cost, 100 sustainability indicators, 103 weighted score, 101 Individual solutions, 26 Inverter MPPT, 87 J Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, 317 L Lead-acid batteries, 184 Levelised cost, 206, 224, 361 Life-cycle cost, 221 Livelihood options, 177 Load profile seasonal profile, 250 Loans loan term, 155 M Management, 58 MCDM PROMETHEE, 113 SURE, 115 Micro-finance, 151 Mini-grid, 37, 350 practical design, 5 Mini hydro, 7 turbine types, 40 Ministry of new and renewable energy, 314 Multi-criteria decision, 283 N Nepal Agricultural Development Bank Limited, 354 Alternative Energy Promotion Centre, 353 capacity building, 359 challenges and constraints, 365 District Development Committee, 356 energy crisis, 345 Energy Sector Assistance Programme, 356 focus group discussions, 346 Hydro Power Development Policy 2001, 352 Hydro Power Policy 1998, 352 Micro-hydro Debt Fund, 357 Micro-hydro Development Association, 355 mini-grid, 345 N National Adaptation Programme of Action, 353 National Rural Renewable Energy Programme, 358 National Subsidy Policy 2000, 352 Nepal off-grid electrification, 345 pico hydro, 349 productive loads, 362 public private-partnership, 349 REDP, 350 regulatory hurdles, 366 Renewable Energy Development Programme, 356 Renewable Energy Project, 354 Renewable Energy Test Station, 358 Rural Energy Fund, 354 Rural Energy Policy, 352 semi-structured interviews, 346 Solar Electric Manufacturers Association, 355 Solar Home Systems, 347 Subsidy Policy 2013, 353 subsidy, 357 Technical Review Committee, 356 Network topologies, 57 O Off-grid options, 12 Off-grid technology, 3 Off-grid, 16, 17 gasifiers, 19 LED, 18 local-grid, 2 micro hydro, 17 mini-grids, 3 SHS, 18 stand-alone, 2

5 408 Index OMC Power, 162 Operating cost, 156 Optimal combination, 223 P Participatory models VEC, 24 PESTLE, 148 Policy support, 124 Post-HOMER analysis, 229 Power distribution network, 329 PROMETHEE, 7 decision matrix, 296 evaluation criteria, 292 GAIA, 290 preference functions, 288 ranking, 289 weights, 288 Public private-partnership, 356 PV, 44, 209 PV module efficiency, 79 performance, 80 PV system, 64, 284, 286 battery capacity, 72 category of load, 70 energy requirement, 66 grid connected system, 65 guidelines, 65 hybrid system, 65 inverter, 87 inverter rating, 71 load distribution, 67 load profiling, 67 PV module, 78 sizing, 71 sizing of the solar PV, 74 site survey, 65 smart design, 73 solar radiation, 70 stand-alone systems, 64 typical load, 67 voltage drop, 76 R Regulatory arrangement, 27, 28, 29 exemption, 26, 27 monopoly, 23, 26, 27 prior approval, 28, 30 standardised regulatory approach, 28 Remote Village Electrification Programme, 313 Replication, 152 Resource assessment, 177, 214 RGGVY, 320 Rice husk, 373 Rural electrification, 2, 11 Bangladesh, 12, 13, 14 grid extension, 2 India, 12, 13, 14, 19 Nepal, 12, 14, 19 off-grid, 2, 18, 19 South Asia, 13, 14 Sri Lanka, 13, 14, 19 Rural Electrification Policy, 322 S Scaling-up, 152 Scenario approach, 246 SELCO, 20 Sensitivity, 219 SHS, 17 Simple central system, 54 dual-bus architecture, 56 MPPT, 55 Small hydropower, 209 Smart design, 64 Smart system designs, 189 Smarter inverters, 184 Solar DC micro-grids, 319 Solar Home Systems, 3 Solar mini-grids, 315 monitoring, 334 social engineering, 337 tariff, 320 Solar photovoltaic See PV system, 64 Solar PV, 316 Solar radiation, 181 Solar resource, 41 PVWatts, 41 South Asia, 11 Stakeholder priorities, 286, 293 Standardisation of off-grid electrification projects, 169 Sunderbans, 19, 316 Survey questionnaire, 292 Sustainable development, 1 T Tariff, 29, 31, 156 cross-subsidy, 157 subsidy, 157 Technical options, 37 mini hydro, 38

6 Index 409 Techno-economic evaluations, 285 Technological appropriateness, 122 Transesterification, 50 U UNDP, 360 V VESP, 324 Village Energy Committee, 316 W Waste to electricity, 374 WBREDA, 317 Willingness to pay, 384 Wind energy, 45 power curve, 46 Rayleigh distribution, 46 Weibull distribution, 46 Wind turbines, 209 World Bank, 360