NEST Project GA No Final Report Attachment Images. Figures of WP2 Technical specifications

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1 Figures of WP2 Technical specifications Table 1: Requirements for wireless autonomous sensors application. 1

2 Figures of WP3 Nanowires design & fabrication a c b d d Figure 1: SiNTs growth for coin-cell and pouch-cell devices: (a) on Silicon circle, (b) on custom shape silicon, (c) on stainless steel circle, (d) on stainless steel custom shape. SEM images of SiNTs (d). a b Figure 2: Double face growth of SiNTs: (a) on circle stainless steel, (b) on custom shape stainless steel. Figure 3: Process for overgrowth of SiNWs with BDD via a seeding step. 2

3 Figure 4: Microwave plasma reactors for the deposition of boron-doped diamond: 2.45 GHz, 6 kw (left); 915 MHz, 30 Kw 8 (right); Insert shows microwave plasma. Bare Si NW Seeded Diamond coated Figure 5: SEM images of bare, seeded and diamond coated SiNWs. Ni layer Annealing Etching Removing Ni diamond a) b) c) d) Figure 6: Diamond nanowires (D-NWs): process of fabrication (left); D-NWs obtained after 3 min etching time (right). 3

4 Figure 7: Laser cutting system (left) and laser cutting (right) of silicon electrodes for pouch cell prototypes. 4

5 Figures of WP4 Electrolyte & pseudo-capacitance: Design & fabrication Figure 8: Electroactive conducting polymers (ECPs) Figure 9: Top. Morphological characterization of PEDOT, PPy and PANi coated SiNWs. Down. Electrochemical performance of the corresponding micro-supercapacitors. Figure 10: SEM images of SiNWs (left) and MnO2 coated SiNWs (right). 5

6 Figure 11: a) SEM image of the morphology of SiNWs recorded at 45 tilted angle. b) Cross-sectional view of SiNWs c) and d) Low and high resolution SEM images of diamond-coated SiNWs. Figure 12: a) PEDOT-coated DiNWs, b) PEDOT-coated SiNTrs and c) PPy-coated diamond/sinws. Figure 13: The electrochemical deposition of ECPs onto the corresponding nanostructures was carried out using PYR13TFSI (PEDOT and PPy) and Dema OTF (PANi). Figure 14: Electrolyte: PYR13 TFSI, N1114 TFSI and Et3NH TFSI were employed as electrolytes in supercapacitor devices at room temperature. 6

7 Figure 15: MMEIM BTA and the AMIM TFSI EMIM TFSI mixture exhibited the best electrochemical performances at a wide range temperature from -40 C up to 30 C. This electrolyte was employed in several commercial cell technologies, such as coin and Swagelok cells, based on SiNWs, SiNTrs and ECP-coated SiNTrs. In all the cases, excellent electrochemical responses were obtained through CV and galvanostatic charge discharge cycles. Figure 16: ECP- coated SiNTrs. Figure 17: ECP-coated DiNWs. 7

8 Figure 18: Enhancement ascribed to the faradaic reactions involved in the polymer coating. Figure 19: Electrochemical stability of the electrode was examined by applying CV curves at a scan rate of 1Vs-1. 8

9 Figure 20: ECP-coated Diamond/SiNWs. Figure 21: Results of the novel approach focused on the multi-hierarchical functionalization of diverse heteronanostructures (PEDOT, Diamond and SiNWs). 9

10 Figure 22: CEA carried out coin cells (CR2032) based on SiNTrs, PEDOT-coated SiNW and PEDOT-coated SiNTrs electrodes, which were tested by Hutchinson. Figure 23: Concerning the demonstrator elaboration, coin cell prototype was adapted as one of the best configurations. Thus, round shape substrates (15 mm) based on silicon and stainless steels were employed for the growth of SiNTrs and functionalized SiNWs and SiNTrs, which show the best electrochemical performances. 10

11 Figures of WP5 Material testing & electro - chemical performance Figure 24: Diagram of the modification of Si nanowires (SiNWs) with MnO2 as pseudocapacitive material by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) and their electrochemical performance. This system and its combination with a Li-ion containing Ionic Liquid electrolyte have led to the filing of a European Patent as a direct result of our work. 11

12 Figures of WP6 Assembling: Setup & prototype Figure 25: Connected shoe with side coin-cell support for cell testing purposes. Figure 26: Connected shoe with integrated cell support on automated test bench. Figure 27: Tablet application with number of steps and speed monitoring. 12

13 Figures of WP7 Performance evaluation; Setup & prototype Figure 28: Comparison of different capacitor devices on Ragone plot. Table 2: Comparison of the best systems (with the highest energy output and total power) tested in pouch- and coin cell. Electrode material Size of electrode Electrolyte Voltage Energy density [mj cm -2 ] at 1 ma cm -2 Power output [mw cm -2 ] at 1 ma cm -2 SiNTs covered with diamond on Si substrate = 15 mm MPPyrr TFSI 3.0 V SiNTs with PEDOT on Si substrate = 15 mm AMIM TFSI + EMIM TFSI 3.0 V SiNTs on SS substrate 2.5x2.5 cm BIPOLAR AMIM TFSI + EMIM TFSI 3.0 V

14 Figures of WP8 Exploitation & dissemination Market Size: > 1 Billion Materials Micro- Supercaps Electronic Devices (ICs) End-User Electrolyte: IOLITEC s part Electrodes: Si-NWs (CEA) Nano-Diamonds (Fraunhofer IAP) Hutchinson Hutchinson Automotive Aerospace Military Consumer Electronics Figure 29: Value chain of the supercapacitor technology. 14