Earth at Night Composite, Source: NASA, Astronomy Picture of the Day, Nov. 27, 2000 (

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1 Earth at Night Composite, 2000 Source: NASA, Astronomy Picture of the Day, Nov. 27, 2000 (

2 Average Consumption at Casa* de Donnelly kw-h** 56 Gas Electricity Therms # Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec *: ~1,100ft 2 and ~8,300ft 3 cooling volume **: Daily #: Monthly

3 Very Busy!

4 Jointly-Owned Facilities in the West Jointly-Owned Transmission Jointly-Owned Generation 4

5 WREZ Renewable Initiative Transmission Hub Map Projects 5

6 Waste Not, Want Not? Is another 3,000ft 2 McMansion with 16ft. cathedral ceilings for two people a wise use of materials and an example of efficient design?

7 Year Ave. Area Cooling Volume* 1980 ~1,200ft 2 ~8,400ft ~2,200ft 2 ~15,400ft 3 *: Based on 8ft. ceilings throughout house Cooling Volume = ~7 x Area

8 Width and depth dimensions not to scale B additional cooling volume! A 16' 8' 5' 5' 5' Area A = Area B = 25ft 2 (Volume A = 200ft 3 ) < (Volume B = 400ft 3 ) 5'

9 Three nuclear powered ships, (top to bottom) nuclear cruisers USS Bainbridge and USS Long Beach with USS Enterprise the first nuclear powered aircraft carrier in Crew members are spelling out Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc 2 on the flight deck.

10 energy-net.org

11 Power and energy are frequently confused. Power is the rate at which energy is generated and consumed. For example, when a light bulb with a power rating of 100W is turned on for one hour, the energy used is 100 watt-hours (W h), 0.1 kilowatt-hour, or 360 kj. This same amount of energy would light a 40-watt bulb for 2.5 hours, or a 50- watt bulb for 2 hours. A power station would be rated in multiples of watts, but its annual energy sales would be in multiples of watt-hours. A kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy equivalent to a steady power of 1 kilowatt running for 1 hour, or 3.6 MJ. Terms such as watts per hour are often misused. Watts per hour properly refers to the change of power per hour. Watts per hour (W/h) might be useful to characterize the ramp-up behavior of power plants. For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of 1 MW from 0 MW in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of 4 MW/h. Hydroelectric power plants have a very high ramp-up rate, which makes them particularly useful in peak load and emergency situations. Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt-hours for a given period that is often a calendar year or financial year. One terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of approximately 114 megawatts for a period of one year.

12 In the electric power industry, megawatt electrical (abbreviation: Mw e or MWe) is a term that refers to electric power, while megawatt thermal or thermal megawatt (abbreviations: MW t, MW th, MWt, or MWth) refers to thermal power produced. Other SI prefixes are sometimes used, for example gigawatt electrical (GW e ). For example, suppose a nuclear power plant uses a fission reactor to generate 2109 MW t of heat, which creates steam to drive a turbine, which generates 648 MW e of electricity. The difference is due to the inefficiency of steam-turbine generators and the limitations of the theoretical Carnot Cycle.

13 Where is uranium mined? Distribution of Identified Uranium Resources Worldwide (< 130 US$/kg U): 5.47 Mt (Source: OECD NEA & IAEA, Uranium 2007: Resources, Production and Demand, (Red Book 2007)).

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15 Nuclear power installed capacity and generation, 1980 to 2007 (EIA).

16 Nations based on nuclear output on national power output.

17 Top 10 Nuclear Generating Countries 2009, Billion kwh U.S. France Japan Russia Korea Rep. Germany Canada Ukraine China UK Source: International Atomic Energy Agency, U.S. is from Energy Information Administration Updated: 5/10

18 U.S. Electricity Production Costs , In 2009 cents per kilowatt-hour Production Costs = Operations and Maintenance Costs + Fuel Costs. Production costs do not include indirect costs and are based on FERC Form 1 filings submitted by regulated utilities. Production costs are modeled for utilities that are not regulated. Source: Ventyx Velocity Suite Updated: 5/10

19 Fuel as a Percentage of Electric Power Production Costs 2009 Conversion Fabrication Waste Fund Fuel 78% Fuel 89% O&M 22% O&M, 11% Fuel 28% O&M 72% Enrichment Uranium Coal Gas Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Component Cost Source: Ventyx Velocity Suite; Energy Resources International, Inc. Updated: 5/10

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24 3.2 gigawatts (GW)

25 The facility is on 4,000 acres (16 km²) of land and consists of three pressurized water reactors, each with an original capacity of 1.27 gigawatts electrical, current (2007) maximum capacity of 1.24 gigawatts electrical, and typical operating capacity 70% 95% of this. The plant is a major source of power for Phoenix and Southern California, capable of serving about 4 million people. The plant provides about 35% of the electricity generated in Arizona each year. The facility evaporates water from the treated sewage of several nearby municipalities to meet its cooling needs. 20 billion US gallons (76,000,000 m³) of treated water are evaporated each year. This water represents about 25% of the annual overdraft of the Arizona Department of Water Resources Phoenix Active Management Area. At the nuclear plant site, the wastewater is further treated and stored in an 80 acre (324,000 m²) reservoir for use in the plant's cooling towers.

26 104 Reactors

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29 eia.doe.gov

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31 cameco.com papundits.wordpress.com

32 virginiaplaces.org

33 A typical 1000-MWe nuclear reactor produces approximately 20 cubic meters (about 27 tonnes) of spent nuclear fuel each year (but only 3 cubic meters of vitrified volume if reprocessed). All the spent fuel produced to date by all commercial nuclear power plants in the US would cover a football field to the depth of about one meter.

34 A typical pellet of uranium weighs about 7 grams (0.24 ounces = approx. 3 U.S. pennies). It can generate as much energy as 3.5 barrels* of oil, 17,000 cubic feet (ft 3 ) of natural gas, or 1,780 pounds of coal. *one barrel = 42 gallons

35 What is enrichment? Naturally occurring uranium is made up of two different uranium isotopes, approximately 99.3% U-238 and 0.7% U-235. Most commercial reactors require uranium fuel to have a U-235 content of 3-5%. Uranium enrichment is the process that increases the U-235 concentration from 0.7% to 3-5%. Enrichment involves separation of the lighter U-235 atoms from the heavier and more predominant U-238 atoms in order to concentrate the U- 235 portion. There are two commercial enrichment methods: gaseous diffusion and centrifuge.

36 slow neutron = thermal neutron KE = 0.5mv2

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38 Solana TV ad Solana Solar Station

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41 Solar Power: A New Revolution?

42 Solar Power Footprint Aerial view APS Solar Garden, Yuma West Wetlands ~150' 45,000ft 2 = approx. one acre ~300' Image Source:

43 Tecate Divide on I-8 about 60 miles east of San Diego, elevation ~4,200ft