ENERY COST AND CONSUMPTION IN A LARGE ACUTE HOSPITAL
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1 , Volume 5, Number 1, p.11-19, 24 ENERY COST AND CONSUMPTION IN A LARGE ACUTE HOSPITAL S.C. Hu, J.D. Chen and Y.K. Chuah Department of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 16, Taiwan ROC (Received 16 April 23; Accepted 28 October 23) ABSTRACT This paper presents the measured results of electricity consumption and cost in a large acute hospital in subtropical Taipei City of Taiwan ROC from August 21 to July 22. It was found that air-conditioning is the major electricity end use, accounting for more than 5% of the total building energy use. The highest monthly EUI (Energy Use Intensity) value comes out in July with monthly value of 25.5 kwh m -2 month -1 and the annual EUI value was kwh m -2 year -1. The highest overall DUI (Demand Use Intensity) value (45.7 Wm -2 ) that relates to the electricity contract capacity, appears in August 21. The highest EUI value found in the region of Operation Theater (OT), in which the EUI value is about three times higher than that in general place. Some approaches to shift peak load are proposed and discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION Energy efficiency becomes a necessity that cannot be over emphasized for long-term management. It is also the fetal factor to meet the agreements from the United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change. For green buildings, energy efficiency is only a fundamental requirement. One of the characteristics of developed countries is the old aged society. The demand for health care and medical services in these countries is high. Therefore, the cost of health care and medical service occupies large percentage of the GDP. The floor area of hospitals and clinics is increased ever since. Energy represents the third largest cost in the health care service sector behind staff wages and medicines, hence it is recognized as a major cost area. Energy consumption in hospital buildings exhibit several characteristics in energy use including: (1) air-conditioning and hot water system operate 24 hours a day year round, back-up machines are required, (2) multi-function services required such as surgery, diagnostic, healing, monitoring, food preparation and laundry, (3) some medical treatment equipment consumes huge electricity such as MRT, X ray etc. and (4) weather, operation mold and user s style affect the cost and consumption greatly. Open publications regarding detailed electricity consumption in hospital building are rare. Santamouris et al. [1] reported a survey results of energy consumption in hospital and clinic buildings in Hellas area of Greece. Williams et al. [2] surveyed energy cost and consumption in a large acute hospital in UK. Chen et al. [3] conducted a survey of electricity consumption of both hospital and clinic buildings in Taiwan area. In this paper, one of the large educational hospitals in Taipei (Hospital S) is taken as a sample to measure and analyze the energy consumption and to identify the possibility of shifting peak load. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE HOSPITAL The hospital, located in downtown of Taipei city, is a large educational acute hospital. Table 1 shows the basic data of the hospital, which includes architectural data, occupant number, electricity contract capacity, and temperature set point. Table 2 lists the major energy-consumption items including A/C facilities, utilizes and medical equipment. According to the capacities of the characteristics and the operating mode of the facilities listed in Table 2, the peak load of electricity is estimated as shown in Fig. 1. It can be seen from Fig. 1 that if the absorption chiller is not in use, then the air-conditioning system would consume about 7 % of the total electricity. Among them, the chillers, the chilled water pumps, and the fan of the cooling towers would need 43.94% of the total electricity. The lighting system consumes 19.22% of electricity. The elevators and escalators need 2.17% of the electricity. 3. MEASURED RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The monitoring of power consumption was carried out by using the existing power monitoring system, and integrated with computer networking to collect the power consumption data. To analyze the energy efficiency, the electricity consumption is categorized as three major items: air-conditioning, lighting, and all others. 11
2 Table 1: Basic data of the hospital Hospital category Medical center Location Taipei city No. of floors 1 floors and 4 basements Direction North-South Ratio of window area 5% in each direction Total floor area 77,695 m 2 Area with air-conditioning 59,718 m 2 Area for non-all time air-conditioned m 2 Area at m 2 Office area (including conference room) m 2 Restaurant and supermarket 493 m 2 Clinic area m 2 Other air-conditioned area m 2 No. of clients 12 people/month Occupancy peak hour: about 16 people/hour normal hour: about 12 people/hour No. of beds 9 (occupied rate around 85-1%) Contract capacity 33 kw Emergency capacity 3 kw Temperature set point 24 o C Moisture set point 6% Table 2: The major energy consumption items Item Description Max. load (kw) RT chiller 3 (42 kw 3), chilled water pump 3 (3 kw 3), cooling tower fan 3 (22 kw 3), cooling water pump 3 (95 kw 3) 35 RT absorption chiller (7.5 kw), chilled water pump 3 (3 kw 3), cooling tower fan (22 kw, back up), cooling water pump (75 kw) Zone water pumps 7 (55*3+45*2+19*2) kw = 293 kw Air handling unit 9 sets Fan coil unit 72 sets 95 6 Exhaust fan, 87 sets 17 7 Supply fan, ventilating fan, 33 sets Packaged air-conditioning, 5 sets 78 9 Kitchen exhaust fan, 13 sets 41 1 Kitchen equipment 1 11 Lighting Elevator, escalator Drainage pump Pressurizing pump Gas 7 16 Water treatment Computer Medical equipment CSR supplier 54 2 Other equipment
3 outlet elevator 2% PC medical treatment eq. lighting 19% 6RT chiller+pump 3 44% cooking facility package AHU 3% supply fan 2% exhaust fan FCU 2% AHU 13% zone pump 7% Fig. 1: Capacity of all equipments 3.1 Analysis of the Power Consumption Monthly power consumption The task starts from August 21. It can be seen from Fig. 2 that in July 22, the electricity consumption reaches the peak. In winter, the electricity consumption gets lower due to the lower temperature. From March 22, the weather gets warmer, so the power required in air-conditioning system is rising. The power consumption in lighting and utility does not show seasonal variations. In February, the power consumption is lower because there are only 28 days in this month. The Chinese Lunar New Year is also in February Daily power consumption Fig. 3 is the day-by-day analysis of power consumption for air-conditioning, lighting, and utility in the month of July 22. Obviously in holidays, the power consumption is low because most of the offices and clinics is closed. The air-conditioning, lighting, and utility are all in partial load operation Hourly power consumption Fig. 4 is the hour-by-hour analysis of the energy consumption in one day. The energy consumption is increasing from 8 o clock in the morning. Then, it starts decreasing from 5 o clock in the evening. This trend matches with the activity of the occupancy Analysis of Energy Use Intensity (EUI) The original definition of Energy Use Intensity (EUI, with unit of kwh m -2 year -1 ) is the average electricity consumption in unit area per year. In this report, the time frame is shrunk to month for comparison. Fig. 5 shows the variation of EUI in each month for air-conditioning, utility and lighting. It can be seen from this figure that most of the electricity is consumed by the air-conditioning system. The monthly trend is similar to the total annual energy consumption with average EUI value of kwh m -2 year -1. The electricity consumption in operating theaters was monitored individually in the day of May The result is shown in Table 3, which reveals that the air-conditioning region of OT area consumes 38.8 kw of electricity, about 3.2% of the total electricity consumption due to air-conditioning of the building ( kw). In terms of electricity consumption in unit area (EUI), the EUI value for air-conditioning in OT is three times (i.e kwh m -2 month -1 / kwh m -2 month -1 ) higher then that in general area. Therefore, the Operating Theater is the most electricity-consuming area Analysis of Demand Use Intensity (DUI) Fig. 6 shows the monthly electricity peak load. In August 21 the peak load is 3551 kw, more than any other month. The next step is to analyze daily electricity data. The peak load in August 21 is on August 28. Fig. 7 is the instant power monitoring data on August 28. The peak of the day appeared at 9 o clock in the morning. This is because at that moment, all the air-conditioning systems is running at full power. Later, when the temperature reaches the stable state, the return air becomes cooler, the air-conditioning system can then run in partial load. The load is then decreased. 13
4 A/C equipment lighting 12 monthly electricity consumption(kwh) monthly Fig. 2: Monthly electricity consumption 3 25 electricity consumption(kw) /1 7/2 7/3 7/4 7/5 7/6 7/7 7/8 7/9 7/1 7/11 7/12 7/13 7/14 7/15 7/16 7/17 7/18 7/19 7/2 7/21 7/22 7/23 7/24 7/25 7/26 7/27 7/28 7/29 7/3 7/31 date Fig. 3: Daily electricity consumption in July 22 14
5 35 3 electricity consumption(kw) : 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 1: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 2: 21: 22: 23: HOUR Fig. 4: Hourly electricity consumption kwh/ m monthly Fig. 5: Monthly EUI values Table 3: Electricity consumption and the EUI value in OT Area (m 2 Electricity consumption ) (kw) EUI (kwh m -2 month -1 ) The whole hospital A/C region of the hospital area OT area A/C region of the OT area
6 4 35 electricity consumption(kw) monthly Fig. 6: Monthly peak load 4 35 electricity consumption(kw) HOUR Fig. 7: Electricity data on August 28 The definition of DUI is the peak electricity demand per unit area. The unit of DUI is Wm -2. Fig. 8 shows the monthly DUI values of the hospital. The data in Fig. 8 includes the total DUI and DUI s for air-conditioning, utility and lighting. It can be seen from the figure that the highest overall DUI value (45.7 Wm -2 ) is in August 21. The DUI for air-conditioning in Hospital S is higher than utility or lighting. The trend for air-conditioning is also similar to the overall DUI. While DUI for lighting and utility remains almost the same throughout the year, with utility DUI slightly higher than lighting DUI. Therefore, air-conditioning is responsible for peak electricity demand per unit area. The demand of air-conditioning decides the contract capacity. 16
7 A/C equipment lighting W/ m monthly Fig. 8: Monthly DUI values Comparison of EUI and DUI The overall power consumption index can be analyzed by EUI and DEI. From Figs. 5 and 8, it is found that in June, the air-conditioning consumes the most power throughout the year. Then, the DUI decreases gradually until February. The variation rate (difference between maximum and minimum divided by the average) is less than 62.4%. If the variation rate goes over 62.4%, then the system is running abnormally and has to be repaired immediately. In February, the demand in air-conditioning is the least in the year then starts increasing. This is because the demand is proportional to outside temperature. While the lighting and utility remains the same throughout the year. It is found that the average monthly EUI is 21.8 (kwh m -2 month -1 while the yearly EUI is 259 kwh m -2 month -1. The investigation in ref. 3 shows that the magnitude of EUI in the medical center in Northern Taiwan is about 277 kwh m -2 month -1. Compared with the data in ref. 3, Hospital S has a lower EUI value. This means that the energy management in Hospital S is better. However, there are still some rooms for improvement and will be discussed later. 3.2 Analysis of Electricity Consumption by Facilities Fig. 9 shows the electricity distribution accumulated from August 21 to July 22. It can be seen that the air-conditioning takes out 52%, lighting takes 12%, and other utility takes about 36%. The set point temperature in air-conditioning spaces is 24 o C (operating theater is 22 o C), the relative humidity is 55%. 3.3 Cost Analysis of Energy Consumption The heat capacity of different energy sources can be calculated as follows. For electricity, one kwhr is equal to 86 kcal. For natural gas, one cubic meter of natural gas is about 9 kcal. Gas is primary energy so the efficiency is about 3%. Fig. 1 shows 88% heat capacity used in the hospital in the form of electricity. Fig. 11 is the annual energy cost in pie chart form. It can be seen from the figure that 65% of the total energy cost goes to electricity. Although the gas thermal heat capacity only occupies 12% as shown in Fig. 1, the natural gas cost about 19% of the total energy. This is because that hot water generation and absorption water chiller uses natural gas as fuel, and the unit price of natural gas is pretty high. 3.4 Approaches for Reducing the Peak Hour Demanding of Electricity Shifting peak load by using absorption chillers The measured data shows that when the A/C system is running with three centrifugal chillers without turning on the absorption chiller, the electricity consumption is 2865 kw. The total electricity consumption could go over the contract capacity of 33 kw anytime when the other facilities are running in full capacity at the same time. With an absorption chiller, only two centrifugal chillers are 17
8 required. In such a case, the total electricity consumption can be reduced to 2372 kw. The absorption water chiller needs 74.5 kw only. The entire air-conditioning system then has room for reducing the contract capacity to save cost. The fuel of the steam boilers in this hospital is natural gas, which can provide the heat required by the absorption chiller. The cost of natural gas is higher than fossil fuel however, fossil fuel needs extra expense to abate the exhaust air pollution Shifting peak load by energy management Shutting down some facilities temporary could reduce peak electricity load. Fig. 11 shows that reducing chillers load is the most effective method because it contributes 43% of the total electricity capacity that could be shut down. The next effective facility is the ventilating fans in parking lot and other exhaust fans, which could contribute 22% of the total electricity capacity. lighting 12% equipment 36% A/C 52% Fig. 9: Electricity usage in facilities gas thermal capacity 12% electricity thermal capacity 88% Fig. 1: Heat capacity variation of the year 22 gas 19% liquid oxygen 4% water 12% electricity 65% Fig. 1: Annual energy cost 18
9 chiller 43% AHU 18% chill water zone pump lighting 16% supply/exhaust fan 22% Fig. 11: Facilities and their contributions (in terms of percentage of the total electricity capacity), which may be shut down temporary for shifting peak load 4. CONCLUSION This study investigates the power consumption and cost in a large-scale acute hospital during the period of August 21 to July 22 by field measurement. The air-conditioning takes 52%, lighting takes 12%, and other utility takes about 36% of the total electricity consumption in this hospital building. About 88% heat capacity used in the hospital is in the form of electricity. The peak load takes place at nine o clock in the morning of on August 28. The peak of the day appeared at 9 o clock in the morning. To shift the peak load of electricity consumption, adoption of absorption chiller and temporary shut down of a chiller are the two most effective means. The highest EUI value is found in the region of the operation theater, in which the EUI value is about three times higher then that in general place. The results of this study can be used as reference data to similar research for other hospital buildings. 2. J.M. Williams, A.J. Griffiths, D. Johns and P.N. Eaton, Energy consumption in large acute hospitals, Energy and Environment, Vol. 6, Issue 2 (1995). 3. R.L. Chen, Y.K. Chuah and W.S. Lee, A survey of the total energy consumption of health care and shopping mall buildings in Taiwan area, Project number MOIS 89232, Building Research Institute, Minister of Internal Affairs, October (2). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Energy Commission of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Taiwan ROC and the Chinese Architecture Center. Y.M. Lin, J.S. Fan and K. Lee are also appreciated for their help in preparing the raw data. REFERENCES 1. M. Santamoris, E. Dascalaki, C. Balaaras, A. Argiriou and A. Gaglia, Energy performance and energy conservation in health care buildings in Hellas, Energy Conservation and Management, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp (1994). 19
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