Experimental Investigation on Properties of Concrete Using Human Hair & Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

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1 Available online at International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering e-issn: Experimental Investigation on Properties of Concrete Using Human Hair & Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Khansaheb A. P. MIT College of Management, Pune-41138, Maharashtra, India. ABSTRACT: In present day constructions, the use of admixtures has increased for achieving various properties which cannot be achieved by conventional concrete. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a waste product of the sugar refining industry which is already causing serious environmental pollution, which calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. Human hair is strong in tension, hence it can be used a fibre reinforced material. Hair fibre, a non-degradable matter is available in abundance and at a very cheap cost also creating environmental problem for its decomposition. Hardened concrete tests like compressive strength and split-tensile strength were undertaken showing a remarkable increase in strength of concrete as a percentage of bagasse ash replacement and addition of human hair as fibre reinforcement. Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse ash, Pozzolanic, Human Hair, Fibre, Waste Materials, Compressive Strength. I. INTRODUCTION Concrete is a mixture of cement (usually Portland cement) and stone aggregate possessing low tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking. Internal micro cracks are inherently present in concrete and its poor tensile strength is due to the propagation of such micro cracks eventually leading to brittle fracture of the concrete. Now days, fibres are used as a reinforcing material in place of steel in concrete. These fibres could prevent cracking and substantially improve the tensile strength, impact strength wear and tear, fatigue resistance and ductility of concrete. Since last decades industrial and domestic waste has been a major concern for the industry and environmentalists all over. The disposal of such waste is creating a severe problem for municipalities and industries around the world with stringent environmental laws for disposal of different waste. Flume, glass cullet, coir fibres, e-plastic waste is used in concrete to improve the properties [1]. Waste product may be used as fibres as well as siliceous material which may reduce the environmental degradation also lower the consumption of valuable resources such as cement, fine aggregate, course aggregate and artificial fibres. Industrial wastes, such as blast furnace slag, fly ash & silica fume are being used as supplementary cement replacement materials [2]. Currently, there has been an attempt to utilize the large amount of bagasse ash, the residue from an in-line sugar industry and bagasse-biomass fuel in electric generation industry [3]. When this waste is burnt under controlled conditions, it also gives ash having amorphous silica, which has pozzolanic properties [4]. A few studies have been carried out on the ashes obtained directly from the industries to study pozzolanic activity and their suitability as binders, partially replacing cement [5]. Therefore it is possible to use sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as cement replacement material to improve the quality and reduce the cost of construction materials such as mortar, concrete pavers, concrete roof tiles and soil cement interlocking block [6]. Using waste product as an ingredient in concrete not only proves to be economical but also may improve the compressive, flexural and tensile strength of concrete and decreases the pollution load. Aim of the Study To study the behavior of concrete using different waste materials. Objectives of the Study The objectives of our project are as follows: To safe guard to the environment by utilizing waste property. To provide an economical construction material. To substitute cement used in making concrete with a waste material tedious to get rid of. Addition of natural fibres in concrete which create environmental problem for its decompositions. Use of waste in useful manner. 5

2 II. INGREDIENTS AND PROPERTIES The ingredients used for our project work are: Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water and pozzolanic material like sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and fibrous material like human hair. Each ton of sugarcane generates approximately 26% of bagasse ash and.62% of residual ash. The residue after combustion presents a chemical composition dominates by silicon dioxide (SiO 2). It is a material of hard degradation; it is used in Farms as fertilizers or mainly dumped in fields. Hair fibre is a non-degradable matter, available in abundance at a very cheap cost and creates environmental problem for its decomposition. A) Portland cement: In our project work, the cement selected was ordinary Portland cement of 53 grades. Brand name: Binani cement 53-grade (O.P.C.) Conforming is code - IS: Table 1: Properties of cement Property Average value of OPC used in present investigation Standard value for OPC Specific Gravity Consistency ( % ) Initial Setting Time ( min ) 91 >3 Final Setting Time ( min ) 211 <6 Soundness ( mm ) 2.8 <1 Compressive Strength ( N/mm 2 ) 3 days 28.2 >27 7 days >37 28 days 55.4 >53 B) Aggregate: Various properties of aggregate govern the strength of concrete properties such as partial shape, particle size distribution, mechanical properties of aggregate and possible chemical reaction between aggregate and paste which affects the bond as well as grading of aggregate. Coarse aggregate: The coarse aggregate in our project is 2mm to 25mm in size, crushed angular shape and free from dust. Fine aggregate: The size of fine aggregate is less than 4.75mm. The most important function of fine aggregate is to assist in producing workability and uniformity. Table 2: Properties of aggregate Property Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate Fineness modulus Specific gravity Water absorption (%) Bulk Density(Kg/m 3 ) C) Water It is a famous saying, Water fit for drinking is also safe for making concrete. The water used in this research in making concrete was free from oils, acids, alkalis, and other organic and inorganic properties. D) Admixtures Admixtures are generally used to modify or improve the various properties of concrete such as workability, nonsegregation, and anti-cracking, increasing compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength and improving durability of concrete. Sugar cane bagasse ash:- SCBA is a fibrous waste product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour, which mainly contains aluminium ion and silica. It may replace cement by a fraction as it possesses similar properties like cement. This waste, utilization would not only be economical, but may also result in foreign exchange earnings and environmental pollution control [7]. Human hair- The fibre is often described by a convenient parameter called aspect ratio. Typically aspect ratio ranges from 3 to 15 [8]. Hair is used as fibre reinforcing material in concrete for the following reasons: 6

3 a. It has a high tensile strength equal to that of copper wire with similar diameter b. Hair, a non-degradable material is creating an environmental problem so using it as a fibre may minimize this problem. c. It is available in abundance at a very low cost. III. EXPERIMENTAL WORK A) Batching It is preferable to opt for weigh batching for a higher degree of accuracy in experimental work. So here we have decided to adopt weigh batching to batch materials like cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, sugar cane bagasse ash and human hair. Water is measured in terms of litres. B) Mixing Concrete mixing was done with help of concrete mixing machine. Coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, and sugar cane bagasse ash was taken in to mixer machine and mixed thoroughly. Manual distribution of hair was adopted to overcome the problem of uniform distribution of hair in concrete. Water was added steadily in mixer machine. C) Filling of moulds Once the concrete was mixed thoroughly it was placed in a large rigid pan where the quality of concrete was observed and then poured in the moulds of cubes, cylinders and a beam. The inner surfaces of the moulds were coated with oil before pouring so that they can be easily demoulded after 24 hours. Each layer was tamped 25 times with tamping rod and then vibrated for sufficient time. The top surface was levelled with a trowel and finished properly. D) Curing Once the concrete is set thoroughly, the cube, cylinders and a beam was demoulded and immersed in curing tank containing water at normal temperature for the required time period. IV. TESTING OF SPECIMENS After 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of curing period, the specimens were allowed to dry the surface for about one to two hours. Then they were tested in appropriate testing machine for studying the properties compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength of hardened concrete. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Compression Test Plain Cement Concrete () Table 3. Compressive strength of Sr. No. Curing Period Avg. Compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) 1 7 Days Days Days 3.95 Split Tensile Test Table 4. Split tensile strength of Sr. No. Curing Period Split Tensile Strength (N/mm 2 ) 1 7 Days Days Days 3.11 Flexural Test Table 5. Flexural strength of Curing Period Load (KN) Flexural Strength Concrete with 5% Bagasse Ash and 1% Hair Comparison of the results from 7, 14 and 28 days samples with ordinary M2 concrete shows that compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength increases with addition of 1% human hair and partially replacing cement with sugar cane bagasse ash up to 5%. Compression Test 7

4 Tensile Strength(N/mm 2 ) Compressive Strength(N/mm2) International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Table 6. Compressive strength of concrete with 5% bagasse ash & 1% hair Sr. No. Curing Period Avg. Compressive Strength of Avg. Compressive Strength of Normal 1 7 Days Days Days Split Tensile Test Table 7. Tensile strength of concrete with 5% bagasse ash & 1% hair Sr. No. Curing Period Split Tensile Strength of Split Tensile Strength of Normal 1 7 Days Days Days Table 8: Flexural Strength of Concrete With 5% Bagasse Ash & 1% Hair Flexural Strength of Flexural Strength of Normal Concrete Curing Period Load (N/mm 2 ) 28 Days 28 Days % BA & 1% HAIR Figure 1. Comparison of compressive strength of & modified concrete with 5% BA & 1% hair 6 5% BA & 1% HAIR Figure 2. Comparison of tensile strength of & modified concrete with 5% BA & 1% hair 8

5 FLEXURAL STRENGTH(N/MM2) Flexural Test International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering 5% BA & 1% HAIR Days TIME DURATION Figure 3. Comparison of flexural strength of & modified concrete with 5% BA & 1% hair Concrete with 5% Bagasse ash and.5% hair Comparison of the results from 7, 14 and 28 days samples with ordinary M2 concrete shows that compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength increases with addition of.5% human hair and partially replacing cement with sugar cane bagasse ash up to 5%. Compression Test Table 6. Compressive strength of concrete with 5% bagasse ash &.5% hair Sr. No. Curing Period Avg. Compressive Strength of Avg. Compressive Strength of Normal 1 7 Days Days Days Split Tensile Test Table 7: Split tensile strength of concrete with 5% bagasse ash &.5% hair Sr. No. Curing Period Split Tensile Strength of Split Tensile Strength of Normal 1 7 Days Days Days Flexural Test Table 8. Flexural strength of concrete with 5% bagasse ash &.5% hair Flexural Strength of Flexural Strength of Normal Curing Period Load (KN)

6 FLEXURAL STRENGTH(N/MM2) Tensile Strength(N/mm2) Compressive Strength(N/mm2) International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering 5% BA &.5% HAIR Figure 6. Comparison of compressive strength of & modified concrete with 5% BA &.5% hair 5% BA &.5% HAIR Figure 7. Comparison of tensile strength of & modified concrete with 5% BA &.5% hair 5% BA &.5% HAIR Days TIME DURATION Figure 8. Comparison of flexural strength of & modified concrete with 5% BA &.5% hair 1

7 VI. CONCLUSIONS In this experimental program, the compressive strength and tensile strength developments of concrete containing sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) and human hair were investigated. According to the tests performed it is observed that there is a remarkable increment in properties of concrete according to the percentage of bagasse ash and hair by weight in concrete. When M2 concrete with 1% human hair and 5% bagasse ash by replacing cement by 1% is compared with plane cement concrete, it is found that the compressive strength increases to % and tensile strength increases to % at the end of 7 days. It is found that the compressive strength increases to % in tensile strength increases to 224.9% as compared to plain cement concrete at the end of 14 days. It is found that the compressive strength increases to 13.47% in tensile strength increases to % as compared to plain cement concrete at the end of 28 days. When M2 concrete with.5% human hair and 5% bagasse ash by replacing cement by 1% is compared with plane cement concrete, it is found that the compressive strength increases to 167.8% and tensile strength increases to % at the end of 7 days. It is found that the compressive strength increases to % and tensile strength increases to % as compared to plain cement concrete at the end of 14 days. It is found that the compressive strength increases to % and tensile strength increases to 12.58% as compared to plain cement concrete at the end of 28 days. By applying the solution discussed in this report, we can prevent the deterioration of the environment up to a significant extent by recycling, reusing and utilizing waste materials in making concrete rendering better strength properties, owing better economy and reduce the enervating activity of disposing such non-degradable substances. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Sameer N. Alone and other contributors for their help and useful suggestions. I express my sincere gratitude to Civil Engineering Dept. head, Mrs. Kavita N. Choksi, Shree Swami Atmanand Saraswati Institute of Tech., Surat. for her stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the course of research work. REFERENCES [1] Raghatate Atul M., Use of plastic in a concrete to improve its properties, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, Vol. I, E-ISSN , April-June 212. [2] Ganesan, K., Rajagopal, K., & Thangavel, K, 27. Evaluation of bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material. Cement and concrete composites, Vol. 29(6), pp , July 27. [3] Committee board of sugar cane and sugar (24). Summary of sugarcane and sugar industry in Thailand in 23/24, division sugar cane and sugar industry policy, Ministry of Industries. [4] Bagaunt K., Properties of Concrete with Bagasse Ash as Fine Aggregate, In Proc 5 th Canmet /ACI International Conference on fly ash, silica fumes, slag and natural pozzolans in concrete, Ed By Malhotra V. M, Vol. 153, pp , June [5] Paya, J., Et. Al., Sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA): Studies on its properties for reusing in concrete production, Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology, Vol. 77, Issue 3, pp , March 22. [6] R. Srinivasan, K. Sathiya. Experimental study on bagasse ash in concrete, International Study for Service Learning in Engineering, Vol. 5, ISSN , pp. 6-66, Fall 21. [7] Aigbodion V. S. Hasan S.B. Olajide S.O. Agunsoye. O. J. Abdulrahaman. A. S. Okafor G. E, The use of rice husk ash as an aggregate for foundry sand production in Nigeria, proceeding of the Nigerian metallurgical society (NMS), annual conference & annual general Meeting, pp , 28. [8] Jain D. and Kothari A., Hair Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Research Journal of Recent Science, ISSN Vol. 1(ISC-211), pp ,