Temperature stable design of Microwave Circulators using HFSS and Maxwell. Dr. Thomas Lingel
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1 Lingel, 2003
2 Temperature stable design of Microwave Circulators using HFSS and Maxwell Dr. Thomas Lingel
3 Outline Motivation Principle of Operation of Circulators Modeling of the RF behavior using HFSS Magneto-static modeling using Maxwell Simulation of the Temperature Performance Conclusions Lingel,
4 Motivation: Xinger Circulator High performance over wide temperature range Low cost, minimal number of components Robust design, forgiving to material and production tolerances Low number of design iterations, Lead time of Materials can be long Lingel,
5 Circulator / Isolator: Typical Applications Circulator Port 2 Isolator Port 1 Port 1 Port 3 Port 3 Duplexing PA Protection T R Lingel,
6 Lingel,
7 Ferrite Materials Ferrites are insulating materials with dielectric properties similar to ceramic materials Above or below resonance operation, depending on if the precession frequency is higher or lower than the RF frequency Damping term which will reduce the precession angle can be introduced, by replacing ω 0 with ω0 + jωα. α can be determined from a Linewidth measurement of a (sphere) sample at a fixed frequency, varying the bias field. Resonance Linewidth ωα = γ H 2 Attenuation Max. Below Resonance Max./2 H R ( ω 0 = ωmeas Above Resonance H H ) Lingel,
8 Lingel,
9 HFSS: circulator simulation setup Setup Materials Setup Boundaries/Sources Lingel,
10 Operation Junction Circulator: HFSS results S = S S S S S S S S S Lingel,
11 Temperature behavior See Ref. Bosma Valid for simplifications in a disk shaped ferrite Resonance Condition J ' n ( x) κ µ njn( x) x 1.84 i kr = 0 Bias far above resonance Design eqn. R x1,1 Hi = λ 2π ε H + 4π M s 4πMs Saturation Magnetization Ferrite π Temp [ºC] M s H i Bias needs to be reduced in the above Resonance operation if the Saturation Magnetization decreases with rising temperature Lingel,
12 Temperature behavior: Nickel-Iron Alloys The Curie-Temperature of Nickel-Iron alloys with ~30%Nickel can be adjusted by a small variation of the composition between about 30ºC up to 120ºC. Alloy Magnetization - Nickel content + Shunt configuration to counteract Thermal Changes of a Permanent Magnet Temp [ºC] Lingel,
13 Magnetic design: Circulator Biasing Configurations Lingel,
14 Magnetic design: Hardmagnetic materials Loadline (linear load) Br B/M Curie Temperatur Max. Energy Prod. intrinsic H -Hci BHmax normal -Hc Sm2Co17 Ceramic NdFeB AlNiCo ~820ºC ~450ºC Not considered MKSA ~28MGOe ~3.5MGOe cgs B = H (cgs units) + 4π M s 0 M B = µ ( H + ) (MKSA units) Flux Density B Field Strength H Max. Energy Product T A/m J/m^3 G Oe MGOe Lingel,
15 Magnetic Design: Softmagnetic Materials πMs Alloy Ferrite B [G] H [Oe] Temp [ºC] B [G] H [Oe] Lingel,
16 Magnetic design: Idealized Example Disk shaped ferrite and circuit run Idealized materials, magnet and steel properties were kept constant, SmCo28 from the Maxwell library Recoil curve was adjusted to yield the same center frequency at 20ºC for three cases (e.g. change Br for a fixed recoil permeability) Measured Demagnetization Curve B/M Fabrication Process Circulator: Assembly Magnetization (Saturation) Tuning Recoil Operation H Lingel,
17 Magnetic Design: Example 2D Setup Balloon Boundaries Even Symmetry Lingel,
18 Magnetic Design: Postprocess Example Simulation: Sampling and Averaging of the Bias field for each temperature and configuration 3D Result for the same configuration Vector H Lingel,
19 HFSS: Parametrics setup for Temperature sweep Example with no alloy material Lingel,
20 Results Bias Fieldstrength [Oe] Thickness Alloy Center Frequency Return Loss [MHz] 0 d 2d Temperature [ºC] Lingel,
21 Results: States of the Alloy Material soft magnetic Flux limiting Airgap Bandwidth α = f (d) Frequency Nickel content Less More Less More Temperature Lingel,
22 Conclusions Accurate magnetic measurement data are required If pre-computed field is used, the simulation is more time consuming Proposed methodology can help to optimize the design and reduce the necessary number of components; it gives inside knowledge about the operation principle for the temperature compensation Helps to choose the right materials at the right thickness Circuit models taking the fringing flux into account can be developed for fast analysis Wish list: Dissipated RF power can be used as Thermal source Treatment of Nonlinear Effects within ferrite materials Lingel,
23 References H. Bosma, On Stripline Y-junction at UHF, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-12, no. 1, pp , Jan C.E.Fay and R.L.Comstock, Operation of the ferrite junction circulator, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-13, no. 1, pp.15 27, Jan A. J. Baden-Fuller, Ferrites at Microwave Frequencies (Electromagnetic Waves Series, 23), Peter Peregrinus Ltd, J. Helszajn, Waveguide Junction Circulator: Theory and Practice, John Wiley & Sons, R. M. Bozorth, Ferromagnetism, IEEE Press, P. Campbell, Permanent Magnet Materials and their Application, Cambridge University Press, Lingel,
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