SICK BUILDING SYNDROME SYMPTOMS AND PERFORMANCE IN A FIELD LABORATORY STUDY AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
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1 SICK BUILDING SYNDROME SYMPTOMS AND PERFORMANCE IN A FIELD LABORATORY STUDY AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY L Fang, DP Wyon, G Clausen and PO Fanger International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, DTU, Denmark ABSTRACT Thirty female subjects were exposed for 28 minutes to four conditions in balanced order of presentation: to C/%, 23 C/5%, 26 C/6% RH at1 L/s/p outside air, and to C/% RH at 3.5 L/s/p. They performed simulated office work throughout each exposure and repeatedly marked a set of visual-analogue scales to indicate their perception of environmental conditions and of the intensity of SBS symptoms at the time. They were repeatedly reminded to adjust their clothing so as to remain in thermal comfort, and succeeded in doing so. Although perceived air quality improved at lower indoor air temperature and humidity and at the higher ventilation rate, this could not be shown to be associated with any effects on task performance. However, subjects reported significantly more intense SBS symptoms associated with decreased productivity, including fatigue, headache and difficulty in thinking clearly, when they were exposed to raised levels of temperature and humidity. INDEX TERMS Temperature, Humidity, Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), Performance, Productivity INTRODUCTION It has previously been shown that Perceived Air Quality (PAQ) can be improved by reducing air temperature and humidity (Fang et al.,1998a,b; Toftum et al., 1998; Fang et al., 1999). Studies with exposures ranging from a few seconds to about five hours show that air is perceived as very fresh and acceptable when it is cold and dry, while warm and humid air is always perceived as stuffy and unacceptable even if the air is clean. High temperature and humidity counteract the beneficial effect of increased ventilation, degrading perceived indoor air quality. From the PAQ point of view, it is therefore beneficial to keep both air temperature and humidity indoors as low as possible, provided that thermal comfort can be maintained. However, it is not yet known whether the improvement of PAQ due to exposure to cool dry air leads to a reduction in the prevalence of SBS symptoms and an increase in the performance of office work. A previous study in which subjects were clothed for comfort at two different air temperatures (Wyon et al., 1975) found no such effect This paper presents further results from an experiment in which the effects of temperature and humidity on perceived air quality were investigated in 28-minute exposures (Fang et al., 1999). The intensity of SBS symptoms and the performance of tasks simulating office work were recorded while the subjects worked at three different levels of indoor air temperature and humidity with 1 L/s/p outside air. The coolest condition was repeated at 3.5 L/s/p. Contact author fl@mek.dtu.dk 466
2 METHODS The experiment was carried out in a 25-year-old office with a floor area of 36 m 2. The office had been renovated three years previously, at which time low-emitting polyolefin floor tiles were laid and new paint was applied to the brick walls and the ceiling. To ensure a moderate level of indoor air pollution, 36 m 2 of tufted bouclé carpet was placed in the office. The carpet was years old and was taken from an office building with a history of occupant complaints. The carpet was not placed on the floor: strips of it were stapled back to back and hung on stainless steel racks behind a partition, where they could not be seen by the subjects Partition, 2. Ventilation fan with silencer and damper, 3. Heater and air- conditioner. 4. Steam humidifier, 5. Mixing fan, 6. Carpet used as pollution source, 7. Workstations. 8. Exhaust ventilation grills. Figure 1. Experimental set-up in the office in which the field study was carried out. The office was equipped with a ventilation and air-conditioning system that can maintain constant temperature, humidity and ventilation rate with a stability of ±.3 C, ±3%RH and ±5% respectively. Figure 1 shows a plan view of the experimental office. The right side of the office was equipped with six work-stations and occupied by six subjects at a time; the left side of the office, behind a partition, was used as a technical space where ventilating, heating, airconditioning and humidification equipment were installed, and where the racks holding the carpet strips were located. The ventilation air was delivered to the occupied space from both above and below the partition. There were several mixing fans in the technical space to ensure complete mixing of conditioned air with the pollutants emitted from the carpet and the air from the occupied space. The experiment was conducted under four different environmental conditions - three levels of indoor air temperature and humidity: C/%, 23 C/5% and 26 C/6% RH at a normal ventilation rate of 1 L/s per person and C/% RH at a very low ventilation rate of 3.5 L/s per person. Thirty female subjects with an average age of 23 years participated in the experiment. They were divided into five groups of six subjects. Each group participated in the experiment on the 467
3 same weekday of four successive weeks. On each experimental day, one group of subjects was exposed to one of the four indoor environmental conditions. Each of the five groups encountered the four conditions in a different order, to minimise any bias caused by order of presentation. During the experiment, the subjects performed simulated office work and were asked to assess the air quality, thermal comfort and different SBS symptoms. The simulated office work tasks were text typing, proofreading, addition and creative thinking (Wargocki et al., ). The average number of characters typed per minute, average number of correctly completed arithmetical calculations per hour and average number of lines proofread per minute were used as measures of performance. Creative Right now my environment can be desribed as follows: thinking was evaluated by Too humid Too dry scoring answers to openended questions in terms of Air stuffy Air fresh Too dark Too bright their originality in the Too quiet Too noisy sample, using information Office dusty/dirty Office clean theory to express each subject s accumulated Cscore in Right now I feel as follows: bits. Air quality, thermal comfort and SBS symptoms were assessed by the subjects upon entering the office and after the completion of each task, throughout the 28 minutes. The subjects were reminded at intervals to adjust their clothing in order to maintain thermal neutrality throughout the whole occupation period. The questionnaire used to obtain subjective sensations included questions regarding perceived air quality, thermal comfort, general perceptions of the environment and both specific and general SBS symptoms. Perceived Air Quality was assessed using continuous scales describing the acceptability of air, odour intensity and irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, as in previous studies (Fang et al. 1998a,b, 1999). Thermal comfort was assessed by answering questions pertaining to thermal sensation and Nose blocked Nose dry Throat dry Mouth dry Lips dry Skin dry Hair dry, brittle Nails brittle Eyes dry Eyes smarting Eyes aching Eyes feel gritty Severe headache Difficult to think Dizzy Feeling bad Tired Difficult to concentrate Depressed Alert Completion of tasks requires: Slight effort Nose clear Nose running Throat not dry Mouth not dry Lips not dry Skin not dry Hair not dry Nails supple Eyes not dry Eyes not smarting Eyes not aching Eyes not gritty No headache Head clear Not dizzy Feeling good Rested Easy to concentrate Positive Sleepy Strong effort Figure 2. Visual analogue scales on which the subjects indicated their general perception of the environment (the 5 initial scales), the intensity of their specific and general SBS symptoms, and the effort they exerted. Note that the final scale was found to be interpreted ambiguously by subjects and has been replaced in subsequent research at ICIEE by a -1% scale of self-estimated performance. 468
4 draught (ASHRAE 1997). General perceptions of the environment and SBS symptoms were evaluated using the visual-analogue scales shown in Figure 2. RESULTS Previously published results from the same study (Fang et al., 1999) showed that decreasing the indoor air temperature and humidity significantly improved both the immediate and the adapted perception of indoor air acceptability during a 28-minute exposure, and that the impact of a decrement in the ventilation rate from 1 to 3.5 L/s per person on perceived air quality could be counteracted by a decrement of temperature and humidity from 23 C/5% RH to C/% RH. This paper reports environmental perceptions, SBS symptoms and performance during these four exposures. Mean thermal sensation was slightly cool at C/% and slightly warm at 26 C/6% RH but in general, thermal comfort was maintained by self-adjustment of clothing. As would be expected from the published PAQ results, the air was judged to be fresher as air temperature and humidity decreased. Figure 3 shows the time course of air freshness assessments under each of the 4 conditions. The results show a strong effect of temperature and humidity on perceived air freshness both at first impression and after 28 minutes adaptation. Nonparametric Friedman Two-way ANOVA reveals a highly significant effect of temperature and humidity both on immediate perception (P<.2) and on adapted perception (P<.2). The adaptation effect seems to have occurred during the first 6 minutes of exposure, although a significant effect of temperature and humidity on air freshness assessments was found throughout the whole 28-minute exposure. This confirms the previous finding that perceived air quality may be improved due to adaptation of odour perception, and that the effect of temperature and humidity on perceived air quality does not diminish after adaptation. Figure 3 shows that although there was no significant effect of the outside air supply rate on perceived freshness, by the end of the session the rank order was as expected. air fresh 1 Air freshness air stuffy 8 6 C/%RH, 3.5L/s per person C/%RH, 1L/s per person 23 C/5%RH, 1L/s per person 26 C/6%RH, 1L/s per person Time (minutes) Difficulty in thinking clearly C/%RH, 3.5L/s per person C/%RH, 1L/s per person 23 C/5%RH, 1L/s per person 26 C/6%RH, 1L/s per person 1=think difficult =head clear Beginning End p<.47 Figure 3. Time course of the perception of air freshness under each condition. Figure 4. Difficulty in thinking clearly before and after each exposure Figure 4 shows the average subjective rating of difficulty in thinking clearly. Although there was no significant effect of the outside air supply rate, by the end of the exposure the rank order of conditions was as expected on the basis of earlier research. The intensity of this symptom increased significantly at the end of 28 minutes of exposure when the subjects worked at 26 C/6% RH compared to when they worked at C/% RH. In Figure 5, the average within-subject changes in fatigue and headache symptom intensity between the beginning and end of each exposure are shown for the three temperature and 469
5 humidity levels, pooling the two exposures to C/% RH as the ventilation rate could not be shown to reduce these symptoms significantly. Air temperatures above 23 C with RH above 5% increased the intensity of both of these symptoms. The P-values shown in Figure 5 were obtained using the non-parametric Wilcoxon Matched-pairs signed-ranks test for withinsubject effects. Increment of fatigue (after-before) (Percentage of full scale) =Tired =Rested P<.48 P<.7 P<.6 C/%rh 23 C/5%rh 26 C/6%rh Increment of headache (after-before) (Percentage of full scale) =severe headache =no headache P<.86 P<.2 P<.5 C/%rh 23 C/5%rh 26 C/6%rh Figure 5. Mean within-subject change during each exposure for two SBS symptoms The increased symptoms of fatigue, headache and difficulty in thinking clearly at the high level of air temperature and humidity may be expected to affect the performance of mental work in a real working situation, but it was not possible to demonstrate any significant effects on the performance of the tasks used in the present experiment. DISCUSSION The present results show that temperature and humidity are important factors affecting the perception of indoor air quality. The air freshness assessments presented in this paper confirm the results of acceptability assessments in the same study that were presented earlier (Fang et al. 1999) and also agree with the results of many other studies (Fang et al., 1998a,b; Toftum, et al., 1998; Fang et al., 1999; Berglund and Cain, 1989; Wyon et al., 1975) which showed that warm air is perceived as less fresh and less acceptable. The present results further confirm that the effects of temperature and humidity on the perception of air quality can last for a long time and are not improved by a period of adaptation and that SBS symptoms such as fatigue and headache may also be caused by exposure to air at slightly raised temperature and humidity. This is of course a common experience, but is often attributed to the objective rather than the subjective quality of the air. It was not possible to show any significant effect of temperature and humidity on performance in this study, presumably because subjects succeeded as intended in remaining in a state of thermal comfort, but it would be a mistake to conclude that temperature and humidity have no influence on the productivity of office workers in the real world, who frequently do not succeed in remaining in thermal comfort over the range -26 C. Wyon (1993) has reviewed many previous studies showing that both heat and cold stress affect the performance of most types of work. In the present study, no heat or cold stress was in fact applied to the subjects because they were able to adjust their clothing to maintain thermal neutrality. In spite of this, their heads were still exposed to moderate heat stress at 26 C and 6% RH. In the long term, this local heat stress plus the perceived stuffiness of air at raised levels of temperature and humidity may be expected to result in some SBS symptoms. The observed increment of fatigue, headache and difficulty in thinking clearly at 26 C and 6% RH indicate that productivity might well be reduced in a real workplace towards the end of a long day s work. 47
6 Although none of the effects of changing the ventilation rate at C reached statistical significance, a similar change in ventilation rate at 22 C and % RH (Wargocki et al., ) which used the same methodology, i.e. the same number of subjects, the same exposure period, the same indoor air pollution source and the same office work tasks, was able to demonstrate a significant effect of ventilation rate on both SBS symptoms and performance. The present incomplete design, in which order of presentation of ventilation rate was not fully balanced, was clearly less sensitive than that of the previous comparison of ventilation rates at the same temperature and humidity. Another possibility is that surface cooling dehumidification, which was required at the lower ventilation rate but not at the higher ventilation rate, may have slightly removed some pollutants from the air due to the condensation process. Further experiments are required in which order of presentation is fully balanced and humidity levels are maintained by exactly the same means. CONCLUSIONS Perception of air freshness improved greatly with decreasing temperature and humidity and the effect lasted for several hours. Intensity of fatigue, headache and difficulty in thinking clearly decreased when subjects worked at slightly lower levels of air temperature and humidity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by the Danish Scientific and Technical Research Council (SVTF) through its funding of the International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy (ICIEE). REFERENCES ASHRAE ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Berglund L and Cain WS Perceived air quality and the thermal environment. Proceedings of IAQ '89, pp , San Diego. Fang L, Clausen G and Fanger PO. 1998a. Impact of temperature and humidity on the perception of indoor air quality. Indoor Air, Vol. 8 (2), pp Fang L, Clausen G and Fanger PO. 1998b. Impact of temperature and humidity on perception of indoor air quality during immediate and longer whole-body exposures. Indoor Air, Vol. 8 (4), pp Fang L, Wargocki P, Witterseh T et al Field study on the impact of temperature, humidity and ventilation on perceived air quality, Proceedings of the 8 th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate - Indoor Air 99, Vol. 2, pp , Edinburgh. Toftum J, Jørgensen AS and Fanger PO Effect of humidity and temperature of inspired air on perceived comfort. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 28, (1), pp Wargocki P, Wyon DP, Sundell J, et al.. The effects of outdoor air supply rate in an office on perceived air quality, sick building syndrome (SBS) Symptoms and Productivity. Indoor Air, Vol. 1 (4), pp Wyon DP, Fanger PO, Olesen BW et al The mental performance of subjects clothed for comfort at two different air temperatures. Ergonomics, Vol. 18, pp Wyon DP Healthy buildings and their impact on productivity. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate - Indoor Air 93, Vol. 6, pp.3-13, Helsinki. 471
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