Introductory Vegetable Production Part 1 CROP SELECTION. Crop Types. Crop Types. Crop Types. Crop Types 3/16/2011
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1 Introductory Vegetable Production Part 1 CROP SELECTION Site Selection / Soil / Water / Crop Planning / Equipment Many different crops out there Cool season vs. warm season Fresh vs. storage Wide range within each crop type Carrots Chantenay, Nantes, Danvers, Imperator Cucurbits Summer Squash = zucchini Winter Squash (butternut, turban, acorn, etc.) Cucumbers (pickling, slicing) Pumpkins Melons (cantaloupe, honeydew, etc.) Peas fresh/garden, snow Beans snap, yellow/green, lima Potatoes red, russet, yellow boiling, baking, chipping, frying Warm Season Crops Tomatoes (bush, roma, beefsteak, cherry) Peppers (sweet bell, chili, banana, etc.) Eggplants Cole Crops Cabbage (range of types) Cauliflower Broccoli Brussels sprouts 1
2 Leafy Greens Spinach Lettuce (head, leaf, romaine, etc.) Swiss Chard Mixed greens (Mesclun) Tops (turnips, beets, etc.) Insta-Poll (Discussion) Which crops are you interested in growing? & Why? Crop Planning CROP PLANNING Drivers / Limitations / Factors Want to: Maximize yields Maximize profitability WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE CROPS YOU GROW? Crop Planning Drivers Market Customer preferences Personal preferences Climatic / Location limitations Rotations Regulations? Crop Rotations Improving soil structure and quality Soil conservation Pest management Variety ( is the spice of life) Generally 3-4 years, if possible 2
3 Selecting Varieties Market Demands / Drivers Climatic Limitations Variety Trials / Information Selecting Varieties Markets Range of market drivers Customer demands Current Future Depends on market channel, population base, etc. Some stability / Some shifting E.g. Pumpkins Cabbage Ethnic vegetables Selecting Varieties Climatic Limitations Many factors should be considered when making crop choices Season length (frost free period) varies region to region Moisture Temperature Elevation Days to Maturity What does it mean? Some tools can be used to predict maturation dates Frost Free Period / Freezing Date Probabilities Average date of Last Spring / 1st Fall Frosts Varies from place to place 50% Growing Degree Days / Heat Units Takes into account daily temperature variations corrected for each crop (base C) Cumulative build up Useful in predicting maturation (for harvest) & also pest development (for some insects) Variety Information - Sources On-Farm Trials Universities / Government Seed Companies Inter-farm consultation On-farm trials / Personal experience GDD = ( ) Max ( C) + Min ( C) 2 Base ( C) 3
4 Seed Suppliers University / Government A number of different companies Often have representatives for Alberta or Western Canada Production Projections PRODUCTION PROJECTIONS Use Sales Targets Need to know how much product you will need & when E.g. 50 lettuce heads / bags of leaves per week for 12 weeks (date to date) E.g. 30 pounds of potatoes per week for 12 weeks This will help you to determine how much you need to plant Guesstimate how much is produced per foot of row E.g. 1 row foot of cucumbers = 1.2 pounds Production Projections cont d Create a Field Planting Schedule Estimated Planting Dates Projected Harvest Dates Order seed / plant material, etc. Once you have production targets, plan out your fields (Production Map) Rotations Crop groupings Planting dates Production Management Merge: Field Planting Schedule Production Map Production Operations Plan Other production activities that will be carried out during season Fertility Irrigation Pest management 4
5 Crop Planning Equations cont d # of plants per acre (or per hectare) Bed Foot 1 bed foot = 3 row feet Bed width of tractor tires multiple rows 1 ft # plants / acre OR / hectare In-row spacing (feet) OR (m) 43,560 feet 2 OR 10,000 m 2 Between row spacing (feet) OR (m) Row Row Foot Crop Planning Equations Bed length = [ (HN / Yield) / rows per bed] x SF HN = Harvest Need (e.g lbs) SF = Safety Factor = fudge factor e.g % (multiply by ) Yield = estimated yield (lb) / row foot Insta-Poll (Discussion) How could you / do you determine how much to plant? Organic Production OTHER Organic Production Equipment Requirements More than just not using fertilizers or pesticides Need an awareness of both your own farm & the surrounding areas of influence Need to be creative to meet crop needs 5
6 Organics Insta-Poll (Weigh In Discussion) Organics Pros v.s. Cons? Certified vs. Practicing Need to be aware of Canadian Organic Standards Resources: ** Adapt recommendations to CDN standards ** Equipment Cultivator Vital part of any operation A range of tasks can be accomplished entirely or partially by machinery Increases efficiency Reduce Labour (hopefully) Reduce Expenses (maybe) Row Cultivator Adjustable cultivator / weeder 6
7 Rototiller Mulch layer / Bed shaper / Drip line installer Stanhay belt seeder mechanism on different planter Jang Seeder JPH2 Earthway seeder Seeder Can have issues with calibration & punching belts Ancient (horse/man drawn) potato planter Transplanter 7
8 Mechanical Transplanter M1000 Rainflo Equipment Water Wheel Transplanter #1600 Harvester/Digger Fertilizer Spreader Garden Tractor-mounted Sprayer Backpack Sprayer 8
9 Equipment Considerations What do you really need? What operations are you going to do? Boom Sprayer Consider the strengths / weakness of each piece of equipment Equipment Considerations Flexibility New v.s. Used Tim Taylor Factor Do you really need that much power? Equipment Sources / Suppliers Many different suppliers (not all inclusive list) Northern Horticulture Equipment (Calmar, AB) Tram Sales (Edmonton, AB) Gallant Sales (MB) Other growers Make / Adapt your Own Rob Spencer, BSA, MSc, P.Ag. Commercial Horticulture Specialist robert.spencer@gov.ab.ca Alberta Ag-Info Centre 310-FARM 9
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