CHAPTER 2: ATOMIC ARRANGEMENTS AND MINERALOGICAL STRUCTURES. Sarah Lambart
|
|
|
- Magnus Owen
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER 2: ATOMIC ARRANGEMENTS AND MINERALOGICAL STRUCTURES Sarah Lambart
2 RECAP CHAP. 1 Mineral: naturally occurring (always) a structure and a composition that give it defined macroscopic properties (always) inorganic (always) Solid (most of the time) crystalline solid (most of the time) Homogeneous (most of the time)
3 RECAP CHAP. 1 Mineral occurrences: Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary Classification (based on the dominant anion): - sulfates - oxides - native - silicates - phosphates - hydroxides - sulfides - borates - carbonates - halides Silicate classification: (based on polymerization) - orthosilicates - sorosilicates - cyclosilicates - chain silicates - sheet silicates - Framework silicates
4 RECAP CHAP. 1 Physical properties: - Habit: euhedral, subhedral, anhedral - Morphology: granular, tabular, prismatic - Transparency: transparent, translucent, opaque - Luster, Metallic, submetallic, adamantine, resinous, vitreous, earthy - Color - Streak: color of powder on a porcelain plate - Tenacity: brittle, sectile, ductile - Cleavage and fractures - Density in g/cm 3 or specific gravity (Wa/(Wa-Ww)) - Hardness: Moh s scale: talc<gypsum<calcite<fluorite<apatite<orthoclase< quartz< topaz< corundum< diamond - Others: taste, acid test, electric conductivity, radioactivity, magnetism, fluorescence, pleochroism
5 CONTENT CHAPTER 2 (2 LECTURES) Atomic arrangements Ionic radius and coordination number Pauling s rule
6 CLOSE-PACKING One layer A
7 CLOSE-PACKING One layer Two layers: 2 possibilities A A
8 Two layers: 2 possibilities AB
9 Three layers: 2 possibilities A C A C hcp Hexagonal close-packed ccp or fcc (Cubic close-packed)
10 Three layers: 2 possibilities hcp Hexagonal close-packed ccp or fcc (Cubic close-packed)
11 Three layers: 2 possibilities X layers: 3 possibilities - ABABA : hcp - ABCABCA..: ccp - Nothing regular: it s not periodic hcp Hexagonal close-packed ccp or fcc (Cubic close-packed)
12 Definition: A unit cell of a mineral is the smallest undivisible unit of a mineral that possesses the symmetry and properties of the mineral. hcp Hexagonal close-packed ccp or fcc (Cubic close-packed)
13 ccp or fcc (Cubic close-packed) Rotating view toward top view C-layer A-layer Notice that every face of the cube has an atom at every face center face-centered cubic (fcc) B-layer A-layer
14 ccp or fcc (Cubic close-packed) Rotating view toward top view Notice that every face of the cube has an atom at every face center face-centered cubic (fcc)
15 ccp or fcc (Cubic close-packed) Rotating view toward top view Notice that every face of the cube has an atom at every face center face-centered cubic (fcc)
16 ccp or fcc (Cubic close-packed) Rotating view toward top view Notice that every face of the cube has an atom at every face center face-centered cubic (fcc)
17 IONIC RADIUS AND COORDINATION Anions and cations have different sizes and valences, and both will defined the way that they pack. 1Å = m
18 Definition: The coordination number or CN is the number of closest neighbors of opposite charge around an ion. It can range from 2 to 12 in ionic structures. These structures are called coordination polyhedron. Halite Cl Na Cl Cl Cl
19 An ideal close-packing of sphere for a given CN, can only be achieved for a specific ratio of ionic radii between the anions and the cations.
20 Rx/Rz = IR cation/ IR anion. Rx/Rz C.N. Type Cubic Hexagonal or Cubic Closest Packing Octahedral Tetrahedral (ex.: SiO 4 4- ) Triangular < Linear
21 Rx/Rz = IR cation/ IR anion. Rx/Rz C.N. Type Cubic Hexagonal or Cubic Closest Packing Octahedral Tetrahedral (ex.: SiO 4 4- ) Triangular < Linear Cat ion C.N. (with Oxygen) Coord. Polyhedron Ionic Radius, Å K cubic to closest 1.51 (8) (12) Na cubic to 1.18 (8) (6) Ca octahedral 1.12 (8) (6) Mn Fe Mg Octahedral Fe Ti Al Al Si Tetrahedral P S C +4 3 Triangular 0.08
22 PAULING S RULES Rule #1: Around every cation, a coordination polyhedron of anions forms, in which the cation-anion distance is determined by the radius sums, and the coordination number is determined by the radius ratio. Linus Pauling
23 Rule #2: The Electrostatic Valency (e.v.) Principle The strength of an ionic (electrostatic) bond (electrostatic valency e.v.) between a cation and an anion is equal to the charge of the ion (z) divided by its coordination number (n): e.v. = z/cn In a stable (neutral) structure, a charge balance results between the cation and its polyhedral anions with which it is bonded. Example: Halite (NaCl), Na + has CN=6 and z=+1 each Cl- contributes a charge of -1/6 to the Na + 6 x -1/6 = -1 vs. z(na)=+1 NEUTRALITY IS ACHIEVED
24 Formation of anionic groups If electronegativity of anion and cation differs by 2.0 or more, the group will be ionic Carbonate Sulfate C has valence (+4); C.N = 3 e.v.= 4/3 Charge remaining on each O: (-2)+(4/3) Charge total: 3*(-2/3)=(-2) S has valence (+6), C.N = 4 e.v.= 3/2 Charge remaining on each O: (-2)+(3/2) Charge total: 4*(-1/2)=(-2)
25 Rule #3: Shared edges, and particularly faces of two anion polyhedra in a crystal structure decreases its stability. Rule #4: In a crystal structure containing several cations, those of high valency and small coordination number tend not to share polyhedral elements. Rules 1 to 4 maximize the cation - anion attractions and minimize the anion-anion and cation-cation repulsions.
26 Rule #3: Shared edges, and particularly faces of two anion polyhedra in a crystal structure decreases its stability. Rule #4: In a crystal structure containing several cations, those of high valency and small coordination number tend not to share polyhedral elements. Rules 1 to 4 maximize the cation - anion attractions and minimize the anion-anion and cation-cation repulsions. Rule #5: The principle of parsimony The number of different kinds of constituents in a crystal tends to be small.
27 NEXT TIME Reading: Chap Chap. 2-3 Lab: Physical properties of minerals
CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRY AND GROUPS, AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES. Sarah Lambart
CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRY AND GROUPS, AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES Sarah Lambart RECAP CHAP. 2 2 different types of close packing: hcp: tetrahedral interstice (ABABA) ccp: octahedral interstice (ABCABC) Definitions:
2 Identifying Minerals
CHAPTER 1 2 Identifying Minerals SECTION Minerals of the Earth s Crust BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What seven properties can be used to identify
METALLIC CRYSTALS. tend to be densely packed. have several reasons for dense packing: have the simplest crystal structures.
METALLIC CRYSTALS tend to be densely packed. have several reasons for dense packing: -Typically, only one element is present, so all atomic radii are the same. -Metallic bonding is not directional. -Nearest
Order in materials. Making Solid Stuff. Primary Bonds Summary. How do they arrange themselves? Results from atomic bonding. What are they?
Making Solid Stuff Primary Bonds Summary What are they? Results from atomic bonding So the atoms bond together! Order in materials No long range order to atoms Gases little or no interaction between components
Physical Properties of Minerals Part II
GEOLOGY 333 LAB 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS PART II Physical Properties of Minerals covered last week: 1. Hardness 2. Cleavage 3. Crystal Shape 4. Specific Gravity Physical Properties of Minerals
NOTES Minerals.notebook. May 03, ,000. Inorganic. Solid. chemical 3,000. Oxygen. Naturally. elements. Earth's. Crystalline. crust.
Minerals Mineral Characteristics 1. occurring 2. 3. 4. structure 5. Definite composition Naturally Mineral Characteristics 1. occurring Inorganic 2. Solid 3. Crystalline 4. structure chemical 5. Definite
Stacking Oranges. Packing atoms together Long Range Order. What controls the nearest number of atoms? Hard Sphere Model. Hard Sphere Model.
{ Stacking atoms together Crystal Structure Stacking Oranges Packing atoms together Long Range Order Crystalline materials... atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays typical of: -metals -many ceramics -some
Solids. The difference between crystalline and non-crystalline materials is in the extent of ordering
Chapter 3 The Structure t of Crystalline Solids The difference between crystalline and non-crystalline materials is in the extent of ordering Both materials have the same composition but one is ordered
3.3 Minerals. Describe the characteristics that define minerals.
3.3 Minerals Describe the characteristics that define minerals. Are you a mineral? There used to be a TV commercial that said "you are what you eat." If that s true - and to some extent it is - then you
Solid State-1 1) Ionic solids are characterised by 1) Good conductivity in solid state 2) High vapour pressure 3) Low melting point 4) Solubility in polar solvents 2) Three metals X, Y and Z are crystallised
GEOLOGY 284: MINERALOGY
Dr. Helen Lang Dept. of Geology & Geography West Virginia University FALL 2015 GEOLOGY 284: MINERALOGY Mineral Properties in Hand Specimen Luster Metallic Sub-metallic Non-metallic Vitreous Adamantine
What is a Mineral? A Mineral is: Pure Naturally occurring Crystalline Solid
Mineral Properties What is a Mineral? A Mineral is: Pure Naturally occurring Crystalline Solid Mineral Properties Color Streak Luster Hardness Density Crystal Shape Cleavage Fracture Fluorescence Reaction
Chapter 1. Crystal Structure
Chapter 1. Crystal Structure Crystalline solids: The atoms, molecules or ions pack together in an ordered arrangement Amorphous solids: No ordered structure to the particles of the solid. No well defined
Identifying Minerals
Identifying Minerals Beryl, feldspar, quartz Rock-forming Minerals Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth s crust Only a few dozen members Composed mainly of the
Chem 241. Lecture 19. UMass Amherst Biochemistry... Teaching Initiative
Chem 241 Lecture 19 UMass Amherst Biochemistry... Teaching Initiative Announcement March 26 Second Exam Recap Water Redox Comp/Disproportionation Latimer Diagram Frost Diagram Pourbaix Diagram... 2 Ellingham
COPY. Topic 6 MINERALS. Mr. Rocco
COPY Topic 6 MINERALS Mr. Rocco Mineral? COPY Naturally occurring in the earth Solid Definite chemical composition Atoms arranged in a specific pattern Inorganic not from once living organisms (See ESRT
Inorganic Chemistry with Doc M. Fall Semester, 2012 Day 13. Ionic Thrills Part 3.
Inorganic Chemistry with Doc M. Fall Semester, 2012 Day 13. Ionic Thrills Part 3. Name(s): Element: Topics: 1. Octahedral and tetrahedral holes and the hcp lattice 2. Occupying the octahedral and tetrahedral
Fundamental concepts and language Unit cells Crystal structures! Face-centered cubic! Body-centered cubic! Hexagonal close-packed Close packed
Fundamental concepts and language Unit cells Crystal structures! Face-centered cubic! Body-centered cubic! Hexagonal close-packed Close packed crystal structures Density computations Crystal structure
9/13/2009. Minerals Chapter 5 (pg. 120) Democritus BCE. electron shells Shells have 2, 8, or 18 electrons. The periodic table
Minerals Chapter 5 (pg. 120) Atoms: smallest indivisible particles of matter Democritus 460-370 BCE Atomic Number Protons (+) Neutrons (0) Electrons (-) electron shells Shells have 2, 8, or 18 electrons
Ch. 2. Categories. Hand Sample ID. Crystal Shape. Crystal Habit. Interactions with light. Geo 271, Spring Elizabeth Goeke 1
Categories Hand Sample ID Spring 2011 Klein & Dutrow appearance xtal form habit interaction with light diaphaneity luster color streak luminescence mechanical properties hardness tenacity cleavage fracture
Unit-1 THE SOLID STATE QUESTIONS VSA QUESTIONS (1 - MARK QUESTIONS)
Unit-1 THE SOLID STATE QUESTIONS VSA QUESTIONS (1 - MARK QUESTIONS) 1. What are anistropic substances. 2. Why are amorphous solids isotropic in nature?. Why glass is regarded as an amorphous solid? 4.
Physical Properties of Minerals
1 of 8 9/20/2002 9:30 AM Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Geology 211 Tulane University Mineralogy Physical Properties of Minerals This document last updated on 20-Sep-2002 Although we have discussed x-ray identification
CHAPTER. The Structure of Crystalline Solids
CHAPTER 4 The Structure of Crystalline Solids 1 Chapter 4: The Structure of Crystalline Solids ISSUES TO ADDRESS... What are common crystal structures for metals and ceramics? What features of a metal
Chapter 12: Structures & Properties of Ceramics
Chapter 12: Structures & Properties of Ceramics ISSUES TO ADDRESS... Review of structures for ceramics How are impurities accommodated in the ceramic lattice? In what ways are ceramic phase diagrams similar
Why Study Minerals? blocks of Earth materials. to understanding rock formation
Minerals I Elements of the Earth s crust Properties of minerals Crystal form; Cleavage/Fracture; Color, streak, luster; Hardness, tenacity; Specific gravity; Acid test, magnetism, etc. Why Study Minerals?
Full file at
Chapter 2 Test Bank Completion 1. A/an is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a characteristic chemical composition and a crystalline structure. 2. A positively charged ion is a. 3. A/an is a planar
Shape - from breaking
Shape descriptions Different ways to describe the appearance of a crystal or aggregation of crystals not necessarily related to symmetry (though some are a result of that). Table 3.2 in the text will see
ENGINEERING MATERIALS LECTURE #4
ENGINEERING MATERIALS LECTURE #4 Chapter 3: The Structure of Crystalline Solids Topics to Cover What is the difference in atomic arrangement between crystalline and noncrystalline solids? What features
Crystal structure of the material :- the manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules are spatially.
Crystal structure A crystalline material :- is one in which the atoms are situated in a repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances. Crystal structure of the material :- the manner in which
Minerals page 1. Minerals
Minerals page 1 Minerals Introduction Most people are familiar with the commonly applied classification of all physical entities into the three categories of animal, vegetable and mineral. We now know
Chapter 12 Metals. crystalline, in which particles are in highly ordered arrangement. (Have MP.)
Chapter 12 Metals 12.1 Classification of Solids Covalent Ionic Molecular Metallic Solids Solids Solids Solids Molecular consist of molecules held next to each other by IMF s. Relatively low to moderate
Chapter 16. Liquids and Solids. Chapter 16 Slide 1 of 87
Chapter 16 Liquids and Solids Chapter 16 Slide 1 of 87 Chapter Preview Intramolecular forces determine such molecular properties as molecular geometries and dipole moments. Intermolecular forces determine
SOLID-STATE STRUCTURE.. FUNDAMENTALS
SOLID-STATE STRUCTURE.. FUNDAMENTALS Metallic Elements & Sphere Packing, Unit Celis, Coordination Number, Ionic Structures Stoichiometry PRELAB ASSIGNMENT Properties of Shapes & Patterns following question
Metallic crystal structures The atomic bonding is metallic and thus non-directional in nature
Chapter 3 The structure of crystalline solids Hw: 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 21, 26, 31, 35, 39, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49, 51, 56, 61 Due Wensday 14/10/2009 Quiz1 on Wensday 14/10/2009 Why study the structure of crystalline
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition.
Minerals Objectives List the 5 traits of minerals Identify minerals Describe characteristics of minerals Know how minerals form Describe ways that we use minerals A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic
Name Class Date. Does it have a crystalline structure? Minerals are crystals. Each mineral has a certain crystal structure that is always the same.
CHAPTER 1 1 What Is a Mineral? SECTION Minerals of the Earth s Crust BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are minerals? What determines the shape
EARTH SCIENCE 11 CHAPTER 4 NOTES HOW TO KNOW THE MINERALS. Introduction. Background
EARTH SCIENCE 11 CHAPTER 4 NOTES HOW TO KNOW THE MINERALS KEY Introduction Much of the Earth is covered with loose rock, soil, or sand. Beneath this loose material there is always unbroken solid rock which
Close Packings of Spheres I.
Close Packings of Spheres I. close packed layer a non-close packed layer stacking of 2 close packed layers 3rd layer at position S: h.c.p. 3rd layer at position T: c.c.p. h.c.p.: hexagonal close packing
Class XII Chapter 1 The Solid State Chemistry
Class XII Chapter 1 The Solid State Chemistry Question 1.1: Define the term 'amorphous'. Give a few examples of amorphous solids. Amorphous solids are the solids whose constituent particles are of irregular
Chapter Outline. How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids?
Chapter Outline How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids? Fundamental concepts and language Unit cells Crystal structures! Face-centered cubic! Body-centered cubic! Hexagonal close-packed Close packed
page - Labs 09 & 10 - Mineral Identification
Labs 09 & 10 - Mineral Identification page - All rocks are composed of one or more minerals. In order to be able to identify rocks you have to know how to recognize those key minerals that make of the
CHAPTER THE SOLID STATE
133 CHAPTER THE SOLID STATE 1. The ability of a substances to assume two or more crystalline structures is called [1990] Isomerism Polymorphism Isomorphism Amorphism 2. Most crystals show good cleavage
These metal centres interact through metallic bonding
The structures of simple solids The majority of inorganic compounds exist as solids and comprise ordered arrays of atoms, ions, or molecules. Some of the simplest solids are the metals, the structures
VOCABULARY: mineral, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, organic, inorganic, composition
Name Science: TITLE: Mineral Identification Lab OBJECTIVE: Of some 3,000 known minerals, only about a dozen called common rockforming minerals make-up Earth s crust. They are identified in the field by
Mineral Notes. The crust is made of mixtures of naturally occurring compounds and elements called minerals.
Mineral Notes Mineral Notes Earth s crust is the solid outermost layer of Earth. It is thicker under the continents and thinner under the oceans. The crust is made of mixtures of naturally occurring compounds
Oxides and Hydroxides
Descriptive Mineralogy Oxides and Hydroxides Classification of the Minerals Non-Silicates Native Elements Halides Sulfides Oxides Hydroxides Carbonates Sulfates Phosphates Silicates Orthosilicates Sorosilicates
Inorganic Chemistry with Doc M. Day 10. Ionic Thrills, Part 1.
Inorganic Chemistry with Doc M. Day 10. Ionic Thrills, Part 1. Topics: 1. Properties of ionic substances 7. Octahedral and tetrahedral holes 2. Cubic lattices and the periodic table 8. The cesium chloride
CHEM 200/202. Professor Gregory P. Holland Office: GMCS-213C. All s are to be sent to:
CHEM 200/202 Professor Gregory P. Holland Office: GMCS-213C All emails are to be sent to: chem200@mail.sdsu.edu My office hours will be held in GMCS-212 on Monday from 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm or by appointment.
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS IN HAND-SAMPLE
EESC 2100: Mineralogy PROPERTIES OF MINERALS IN HAND-SAMPLE During the first two weeks of class, complete this lab assignment concurrently with Labs 1 and 2. Use the sample standards to become familiar
Lecture 3: Description crystal structures / Defects
Lecture 3: Description crystal structures / Defects Coordination Close packed structures Cubic close packing Hexagonal close packing Metallic structures Ionic structures with interstitial sites Important
NPTEL COURSE ADVANCED CERAMICS FOR STRATEGIC APPLICATIONS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
NPTEL COURSE ADVANCED CERAMICS FOR STRATEGIC APPLICATIONS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q1: What do you understand by Ceramics? Ans: Ceramics are a group of chemical compounds, either simple (consisting of only
General Characteristics of Solid State
General Characteristics of Solid State (i) They have definite mass, volume and shape. (ii) Intermolecular distances are short. (iii) Intermolecular forces are strong. (iv) Their constituent particles (atoms,
Module 5: Minerals Topic 3 Content: Identification of a Mineral Presentation Notes. Identification of Minerals
Identification of Minerals 1 Minerals occur in different colors, sizes, and shapes. Minerals also differ in the way that they reflect light and in the way that they break. Some minerals are softer than
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE TERMS
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE TERMS crystalline material - a material in which atoms, ions, or molecules are situated in a periodic 3-dimensional array over large atomic distances (all metals, many ceramic materials,
SECOND MIDTERM EXAM Chemistry April 2011 Professor Buhro
SECOND MIDTERM EXAM Chemistry 465 1 April 011 Professor Buhro Signature Print Name Clearly ID Number: Information. This is a closed-book exam; no books, notes, other students, other student exams, or any
Copy the ques,on below and write down an answer. Make a list of characteristics you can use to describe the minerals in these pictures.
Copy the ques,on below and write down an answer Make a list of characteristics you can use to describe the minerals in these pictures. Do Now Minerals and Rocks Defini,on of a Mineral A mineral is a naturally
Chapter Outline How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids?
Chapter Outline How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids? Fundamental concepts and language Unit cells Crystal structures Face-centered cubic Body-centered cubic Hexagonal close-packed Close packed
Materials Science. Why?
Materials Science and Engineering, 2012 Compiled by Greg Heness & Mike Cortie Chapter 3 Crystalline Structure - Perfection, pp. 40-101 Materials Science A knowledge of this material is needed for diverse
Chapter 3: Structures of Metals & Ceramics
Chapter 3: Structures of Metals & Ceramics School of Mechanical Engineering Professor Choi, Hae-Jin Chapter 3-1 Chapter 3: Structures of Metals & Ceramics ISSUES TO ADDRESS... How do atoms assemble into
GEOLOGY 284: MINERALOGY
Dr. Helen Lang Dept. of Geology & Geography West Virginia University FALL 2014 GEOLOGY 284: MINERALOGY Ore Deposits and Economic Minerals An ore is anything that can be mined from the Earth at a profit,
Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids
Chapter 10. Liquids and Solids Three States of Matter H 2 O Volume constant constant no Shape constant no no Why in three different states? 1 Intermolecular Force dipole-dipole attraction V dip-dip : 1.
The Study of Minerals (Chapter 1) - Introduction to Mineral Physical Properties and Mineral Identification
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory NAME: Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS Lab Section: The Study of Minerals (Chapter 1) - Introduction to Mineral Physical Properties and Mineral Identification For this assignment you
page - 1 Lab 9 - Mineral Identification
Lab 9 - Mineral Identification page - 1 All rocks are composed of one or more minerals. In order to be able to identify rocks you have to know how to recognize those key minerals that make of the bulk
Chapter 12 The Solid State The Structure of Metals and Alloys
Chapter 12 The Solid State The Structure of Metals and Alloys The Solid State Crystalline solid a solid made of an ordered array of atoms, ion, or molecules Amorphous solids a solid that lacks long-range
EARTH SCIENCE 11 CHAPTER 4 NOTES HOW TO KNOW THE MINERALS. Introduction. Background
EARTH SCIENCE 11 CHAPTER 4 NOTES HOW TO KNOW THE MINERALS KEY Introduction Much of the Earth is covered with loose rock, soil, or sand. Beneath this loose material there is always unbroken solid rock which
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition.
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. Naturally Occurring Formed by processes that occur in the natural world Inorganic Not
Ceramic Science 4RO3. Lecture 2. Tannaz Javadi. September 16, 2013
Ceramic Science 4RO3 Lecture 2 September 16, 2013 Tannaz Javadi Rule 5: In an Ionic structure the chemical environment (cations) that is surrounding an anion should be at least uniform and similar. Although
Unit 1 The Solid State
Points to Remember Amorphous and Crystalline Solids Unit 1 The Solid State Amorphous- short range order, Irregular shape eg-glass Crystalline Solids- long range order, regular shape eg : NaCl Molecular
2Matter and Minerals
2Matter and Minerals Adapted by Lyndsay R. Hauber, Michael B. Cuggy, & Joyce M. McBeth (2018) University of Saskatchewan from Deline B, Harris R & Tefend K. (2015) "Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology".
Physical Properties of Minerals
Physical Properties of Minerals Hardness This is an indirect measure of the bond strength in the mineral. It is exhibited in the form of resistance to abrasion on a relatively smooth, fresh surface. Friedrich
BORATES. 59. Ulexite - NaCaB 5 O 6 (OH) 6 5H 2 O. Color - Crystal Habit - Crystal System - Cleavage - Hardness - Luster/Streak / Use (if any) - Other
BORATES Borate minerals are minerals that contain a borate anion group. Simple borate anion is BO 3 and has a -3 charge. This means each borate anion requires a +3 cation to generate a non-charged stable
Physical Characteristics of Minerals
Physical Characteristics of Minerals 1. Introduction 2. Color Idiochromatism and the Chromophores Allochromatism 3. Streak 4. Luster 5. Density 6. Hardness The Mohs Scale The Diamond Indentation Method
1.10 Close packed structures cubic and hexagonal close packing
1.9 Description of crystal structures The most common way for describing crystal structure is to refer the structure to the unit cell. The structure is given by the size and shape of the cell and the position
The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4 th ed Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phulé. Chapter 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements
The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4 th ed Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phulé Chapter 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 1 Objectives of Chapter 3 To learn classification of materials based on atomic/ionic
Intermolecular Forces. Part 2 The Solid State: Crystals
Intermolecular Forces Part 2 The Solid State: Crystals 1 Prof. Zvi C. Koren 20.07.2010 Calculation of Lattice Energy, U, from a Thermodynamic Cycle What are the energies, virtual and real, involved in
MSE 352 Engineering Ceramics II
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana MSE 352 Engineering Ceramics II 3 Credit Hours Ing. Anthony Andrews (PhD) Department of Materials Engineering Faculty of Mechanical and Chemical
LAB 1: MINERAL IDENTIFICATION INDEX
Softer than Glass Hardness Similar to Glass Harder than Glass 12.001 LAB 1: MINERAL IDENTIFICATION INDEX Minerals with a Metallic Luster Cleavage Streak Properties Comments and Uses Name and Greenish Black
(C) Na 2. (B) NaWO 3 WO 3
EXERCISE-01 CHECK YOUR GRASP SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE (ONLY ONE CORRECT ANSWER) 1. A solid has a structure in which W atoms are located at the corners of a cubic lattice, O atom at the centre of
E45 Midterm 01 Fall 2007! By the 0.2% offset method (shown on plot), YS = 500 MPa
1.!Mechanical Properties (20 points) Refer to the following stress-strain plot derived from a standard uniaxial tensile test of a high performance titanium alloy to answer the following questions. Show
Minerals. Natural Solid Inorganic Definite chemical composition Crystal structure due to internal arrangement of atoms
Minerals Natural Solid Inorganic Definite chemical composition Crystal structure due to internal arrangement of atoms http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/index.htm http://www.mii.org/www.mii.org General Facts
ECE440 Nanoelectronics. Lecture 08 Review of Solid State Physics
ECE440 Nanoelectronics Lecture 08 Review of Solid State Physics A Brief review of Solid State Physics Crystal lattice, reciprocal lattice, symmetry Crystal directions and planes Energy bands, bandgap Direct
Chapter 3: Atomic and Ionic Arrangements. Chapter 3: Atomic and Ionic Arrangements Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 3: Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 3-1 Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Short-range order versus long-range order Amorphous materials Lattice, basis, unit cells, and crystal structures
WELCOME TO THE GLENDALE COMMUNITY COLLEGE MINERAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRAM
presented by: WELCOME TO THE GLENDALE COMMUNITY COLLEGE MINERAL IDENTIFICATION PROGRAM Susan Celestian - Curator of the Arizona Mining and Mineral Museum Stan Celestian - Photographer copyright 2002 Where
The Study of Minerals (Chapter 1) Introduction to Mineral Identification: THE NON - SILICATE MINERALS
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory NAME: Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS The Study of Minerals (Chapter 1) Introduction to Mineral Identification: THE NON - SILICATE MINERALS For this assignment you will require: a
CH445/545 Winter 2008
CH445/545 Winter 2008 Assignment # 1 - due 01/18/08 60 total points SHOW ALL WORKING FOR FULL CREDIT, ANSWERS WITHOUT WORKING WILL BE PENALIZED! 1. Text Ch. 1 # 2 "Calculate the size of the largest sphere
Part 1. References: Gray: Chapter 6 OGN: Chapter 19 and (24.1)
Part 1 References: Gray: Chapter 6 OGN: Chapter 19 and (24.1) Aspects of Chemical Bonds Bonding in Chem 1a Atomic Structure Explain Atomic Line Spectra, Galaxies, etc. Shapes of Orbitals in Atoms for Bonding
Page - 1 Lab 1 - Physical Properties and the Identification of Nonsilicate Minerals
Page - 1 Lab 1 - Physical Properties and the Identification of Nonsilicate Minerals All rocks are composed of one or more minerals. In order to be able to identify rocks you have to be able to recognize
GLY 4200C LAB 1. 1 Talc 6 Orthoclase 2 Gypsum 7 Quartz 3 Calcite 8 Topaz 4 Fluorite 9 Corundum 5 Apatite 10 Diamond
GLY 4200C LAB 1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS IN HAND SPECIMEN There are a number of physical properties which are suitable for field use on hand specimens. One chemical test also falls
Materials Science ME 274. Dr Yehia M. Youssef. Materials Science. Copyright YM Youssef, 4-Oct-10
ME 274 Dr Yehia M. Youssef 1 The Structure of Crystalline Solids Solid materials may be classified according to the regularity with which atoms or ions are arranged with respect to one another. A crystalline
Free Electron Model What kind of interactions hold metal atoms together? How does this explain high electrical and thermal conductivity?
Electrical Good conductors of heat & electricity Create semiconductors Oxides are basic ionic solids Aqueous cations (positive charge, Lewis acids) Reactivity increases downwards in family Free Electron
Chapter 3 Structure of Crystalline Solids
Chapter 3 Structure of Crystalline Solids Crystal Structures Points, Directions, and Planes Linear and Planar Densities X-ray Diffraction How do atoms assemble into solid structures? (for now, focus on
Name October 3, K FIRST HOUR EXAM
1 Name October 3, 1994 347K FIRST HOUR EXAM Answer the following questions as directed. For multiple choice questions choose the single best answer. Multiple choice are worth 3 pts, T/F are worth 1 pt.
Free Electron Model What kind of interactions hold metal atoms together? How does this explain high electrical and thermal conductivity?
Electrical Good conductors of heat & electricity Create semiconductors Oxides are basic ionic solids Aqueous cations (positive charge, Lewis acids) Reactivity increases downwards in family Mechanical Lustrous
LAB 1: MINERAL IDENTIFICATION INDEX
12.001 LAB 1: MINERAL IDENTIFICATION INDEX Minerals with a Metallic Luster Cleavage Streak Properties Comments and Uses Name and Harder than Glass Greenish Black Brass-yellow; H = 6.0 6.5; S.G. = 5.0;
Introduction to Geology Spring 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.001 Introduction to Geology Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 12.001 LAB 1: MINERAL
7.3 Bonding in Metals > Chapter 7 Ionic and Metallic Bonding. 7.3 Bonding in Metals. 7.1 Ions 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
Chapter 7 Ionic and Metallic Bonding 7.1 Ions 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds 7.3 Bonding in Metals 1 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU What
EXAM RETURN EXAM RETURN EXAM RETURN. Why study minerals and rocks?
Exam return 15 minutes before break. RESULTS: A: B: C: D: F: % of class got As and Bs CONGRATS! % got a D or lower If your grade is what you want, keep up the good work! If not, see me for advice. EXAM
Problems. 104 CHAPTER 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements
104 CHAPTER 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements Repeat distance The distance from one lattice point to the adjacent lattice point along a direction. Short-range order The regular and predictable arrangement
5. MINERALS LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): FIRST NAME:
LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: 5. MINERALS Instructions: When you test a mineral for effervescence and you apply HCl, you must first ask permission from your instructor (remember HCl is an acid and
Chapter 8: Molecules and Materials
Chapter 8: Molecules and Materials Condensed Phases - Solids Bonding in Solids Metals Insulators Semiconductors Intermolecular Forces Condensed Phases - Liquids Carbon There are three forms of the element