OM 2 OM Processes 2 N Processes 3Sinks 4 losses 5 additions

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2 OM 2 OM Processes 2 N Processes 3Sinks 4 losses 5 additions

3 Central point of the Nitrogen Cycle In an acre furrow slice 1000 lbs N per 1% OM A continuous flow of N into and out of OM.

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5 Immobilization NO 3 and NH 4 tied up into OM Mineralization OM decomposed into NO 3 and NH 4 High Carbon (straw)= Immobilization Low Nitrogen (alfalfa) = Mineralization

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7 Amminization and Ammonification OM converted to NH 4 Nitrification NH 4 converter to NO 3 Ammonium + charge and Immobile Nitrate charge and mobile

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9 Large Amounts of Nitrogen located in these pools. Atmosphere : 78% N in the form of the diatomic gas N 2 Nitrate Pool Microbial Sink

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11 Leaching NO 3 follows water flow. Ammonia Volatilization NH 4 at a ph >7 H is stripped off and NH 3 (gas) formed. Denitrification NO 3 in waterlogged soil. Microbes strip O off Plant Loss NO 3 and NH 4 converted to NH 3 in plant, in stress NH 3 gassed off.

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14 Lightning and Rainfall Biological N Fixation Decomposition Industrial Fixation Fertilization

15 Protect from Loss!!!! VIA Timed Release Preventing a Conversion

16 Slow Release Prevents immediate release into soil where environment and biological s have impact. Chemistry Coated Inhibitors Prevent the biological activity that impacts the Nitrogen Cycle or Urea Since early 60 s at least 15 substances thoroughly researched

17 Advantage of these materials is that one application may provide a uniform supply of N to the plants for several weeks. S-coated urea (32-36 %N) breakdown of the S coat (physical barrier) Moisture Polymer Coated Ureas ESN: Temp and Moist IBDU (isobutylidene diurea) is synthetic organic. particle size, soil moisture content and ph. Urea-formaldehyde: microbial & temp Methylene di-urea -CoRoN, Dura_N: Microbial & temp Urea-Triazon- N-Pact, N-Sure: Moist & Microbial. LOOK AT PERCENT SLOW RELEASE 6 to 20%

18 ESN contains a urea granule nitrogen (N) within a micro-thin polymer coating. This coating allows water within the soil to move into the granule and dissolve the urea inside. The urea solution then moves out through the coating into the soil where it is available to the crop. The rate at which the urea solution moves out through the coating is determined by soil temperature and moisture. In cool soils when the crop is growing slowly, N release is slow. As the soil warms and crop growth increases, the granules release N more quickly and steadily.

19 Yield and Protein Always equal to UAN when used as a fertilizer source. Reduced amount of Tissue Damage Increased rate w/ seed possible. Using Wheat < 30 lb N i.e. 25 gal/ac Canola <10 lb N i.e. 8 gal/ac

20 Surface application of Urea without incorporation when temperatures are moderate to warm and moisture is present.

21 H 2 O: Rain, Mist, Dew, Humidity, Soil Moisture (NH 2 ) 2 CO 2 NH 3 (gas ) H 2 O SOIL NH 4 SOI NH 4 L NH 4 NH 4

22 Urease Inhibition Basically prevents/slows urea s conversion to ammonia If ammonia (gas) is formed in absence of moisture or soil surface it will be lost to the atmosphere H 2 O (NH 2 ) 2 CO 2 SOIL

23 Wet Soil 70 F Wet Soil 35 F

24 Dry Soil 70 F Sub Soil 70 F Rain1/2 0 4

25 NBPT: Studied since the 80 s Agrotain (MIC) Maleic Itaconic Coploymer Ca Salt: binding of nickel ions necessary for the formation and function of the enzyme Nutrishpere Recently studied compound, highly mixed results ATS: Low ph

26 When less or not beneficial Incorporated Rain or irrigation of ½ or more Soil and air temp < 50 Dry soil and Air Banding No rain expected for 14+ days UAN vs Urea

27 When more beneficial Surface applied No-till High humidity Light rains, heavy dews, mists Soil and air temp > 50 Wet soil Soil with high ph >7.5 Lots of OH in soil Rain within 10 days

28 Nitrification Inhibition Basically prevents/slows ammonium s conversion to nitrate Ammonium(+) is immobile in the soil Nitrate(- ) is mobile. In high rainfall, irrigated, well drained soil NO 3 is easily lost. NO 3 can be lost by leaching and Denitrification Both Take WATER!!!!

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31 Nitrapyrin- Registered Pesticide, studied since the 60 s N-Serve (MIC) Maleic Itaconic Coploymer Ca Salt: binding of copper ions necessary for the nitrification process Nutrisphere DCD Suppresses, does not kill nitrosomas ATS Low ph

32 Table 8. Probability of Corn Yield Increase from the Addition of NI to Ammoniacal Fertilizers Applied at Varying Times. Region of the U.S. Application Eastern Western Soil texture time Southeast Cornbelt Cornbelt Sands Fall Poor ---Probability of corn yield increase Poor Poor Spring Fair Fair Fair 2 Loamy sands, sandy Fall Poor Fair Poor loams, and loams Spring Fair Fair 3 Fair 2 Silt loams Clay loams and clays Fall Spring Fall Spring Poor Fair Poor Fair Good Fair 3 Good Good Fair Poor Fair Poor 1 Poor = less than 20% chance of yield increase at any location any year; fair = 20-60% chance of increase; good = greater than 60% chance of increase. 2 Fair for irrigated soils, poor for dryland corn. 3 Good for no-till production systems. Reference to products in this publication is not intended to be an endorsement to the exclusion of others which may be similar. Persons National Corn Handbook NCH-55, Nitrification Inhibitors in Corn Prod

33 When less or not beneficial Arid environments Well drained soils that allow infiltration but have limited leaching

34 When more beneficial Tile Drainage Wet soils Irrigated well drained fields

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36 Southern Water Group (Being Published) AR, AL, FL, NM, NC, OK, TX There were few differences due to N fertilizer sources or additives for the soils, crops, or environmental conditions evaluated. Nutrisphere, Nitamin and Agrotain did not improve yields at any location for any crop where tested. Pre-plant incorporated ESN (as compared to urea) improved the corn yield at one site in Arkansas. When tested at two sites in Arkansas, ESN improved seedcotton yield at one site but produced yields equal to urea at the second site. Preplant incorporated ESN performed better than urea on corn in Arkansas and cotton in one of the two sites in Arkansas. The ESN performed similarly or worse than UAN solution or urea in Alabama (corn), North Carolina (corn and wheat), Oklahoma (wheat) and Texas (grain sorghum).

37 Avail Studies in Wheat (Not Published) Arnall, 3 years 2 sites per year. No positive. Agrotain in Wheat (Published) Arnall, No positive yield responses Edwards, 1 out of 2 yrs positive. NUE Sorghum (Not Published, ongoing) 2 yrs, 5 sites per year. Banded UAN in 2 x 2 At the 60 lb N/ac rate UAN 0/10 stand loss UAN+Agritain Plus 3/10 stand loss UAN + Nutrisphere 8/10 stand loss

38 NUE Sorghum (Not Published) 2 yrs, 5 sites per year. Banded UAN in 2 x 2 At the 60 lb N/ac rate (Max rec rate in 2x2 is 40) UAN 0/10 stand loss UAN+Agritain Plus 3/10 stand loss UAN + Nutrisphere 8/10 stand loss

39 Lead Author Location Crop(s) Product Positive Neutral/ Negative Yr/Journal McGrath Maryland Corn Avail X 12/CM Dudenhoeffer Missouri Corn Avail X 12/JAS Dunn Missouri Rice Avail X 08 / CM L. Sanders Review Review Avail X Caramanos Canada Wheat Avail X CJSS Franzen ND/AR/MS Rice/Wheat/Lab Nutrisphere X 11/ JPN Cahill N. Carol Corn/Wheat Nutrisphere/ESN X 10/ AJ Connell Georgia Bermudagrass NBPT Nutrisphere ESN X X X X 11/ Crop Sci Henning Illinois Irrigated Turf Nutrisphere/Uflexx X 12/ BiolFertilSoils Norton Wyoming Sugarbeet Nutrisphere/ESN X 11/ CM Slaton Ark Wheat Agrotain X X 11 / CM Edwards Ok Wheat Agrotain X 09 / CM Several Extension Bases Pubs Available, but none were Peer Reviewed. Yield is the only variable reported in above table.

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41 Brian Arnall 373 Ag Hall Presentation YouTube Channel OSUNPK

42 Goos N.Dak Lab Nutrisphere X NDSU/AJ