Effects of Feeding Perennial Peanut Hay on Growth, Development, Attainment of Puberty, and Fertility in Beef Replacement Heifers
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1 Effects of Feeding Perennial Peanut Hay on Growth, Development, Attainment of Puberty, and Fertility in Beef Replacement Heifers K. Bischoff 2, T. Black 2, V. Mercadante 2, G. Marquezini 2, N. DiLorenzo 2, B. Myer 2, A. Adesogan 1, and G. Lamb 2 The objective of this study was to determine the influence of supplemental feeding of perennial peanut hay (Arachis glabrata Benth.) instead of a concentrate supplement on growth performance and age at puberty in growing beef heifers. The data showed that heifers supplemented with the perennial peanut and concentrate supplement had similar growth and reproductive performance; however, the unsupplemented heifers had reduced pregnancy rates and their mature cow size and postpartum body condition score was reduced during the developmental phase. Summary The objective of this study was to determine the influence of supplemental feeding of perennial peanut hay (Arachis glabrata Benth.) on growth performance and age at puberty in growing beef cattle heifers. Over a two-year (2010 and 2011) period, 120 heifers were randomly allocated to pens and assigned to one of three supplement treatments: 80% corn and 20% soybean meal supplement (CSBM), perennial peanut hay supplement (PPH), and a control which received no supplement (CON). All heifers received ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) during the 140-d developmental phase. Following the developmental phase, heifers were comingled for a 77-d breeding season during the breeding phase. Heifers gained weight at a greater (P = 0.002) rate during the breeding phase then the development phase. In addition, CON heifers tended (P = 0.06) to have lesser average daily gain (ADG) than CSBM and PPH heifers. There was a treatment day interaction (P = 0.06) on mean body weight (BW) with heifers in the CON treatment being lighter at the end of the development phase (P = 0.02). Total dry matter intake (DMI) was affected by the treatments (P < 0.01) during the developmental phase with the PPH heifers consuming more of the diet than the CSBM and the CON heifers. Treatment did not impact the age, BW, or body condition score (BCS) at which puberty was reached. While there was no effect of treatment on days to calving, the CON heifers had reduced pregnancy rates. In conclusion, there were no differences among supplemented treatments in reproductive performance despite the occurrence of differences in DMI, BW, and ADG, making PPH a viable feed option in the southeastern United States of America for replacement heifer development. Introduction The greatest factor limiting the ability of a replacement heifer to successfully become pregnant and calve for the first time at 2 years of age is the attainment of puberty. Critical analyses of nutritional and reproductive factors that influence the growth and reproductive maturation of replacement heifers have revealed benchmarks that serve as guidelines for beef heifer development that most producers adhere to. These benchmarks help ensure the attainment of puberty, with many of the factors affecting puberty being directly linked to nutritional management. In the southeastern United States, typical rations that are used in other parts of the US for heifer development are not available due to limitations of commodities and lack of availability of highquality legume forage. Thus, alternative feeds are being explored for replacement heifers. A forage source that is gaining popularity and availability is perennial peanut forage (Arachis 1 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 2 North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Marianna, FL
2 glabrata Benth.). Perennial peanut is a warm season legume grown in the southeastern United States for use as hay, silage, and improved pasture land. Perennial peanut hay has potential for incorporation into replacement heifer feeding strategies due to its increasing availability in the southeastern United States and high nutritive values (total digestible nutrients, [TDN] = 60%; crude protein, [CP] = 14%; Myer et al., 2009). The objective of this study was to determine the influence of supplemental feeding of perennial peanut hay on growth performance and age at puberty of growing beef heifers. It was hypothesized that heifers receiving perennial peanut hay supplement would have similar or improved growth performance and attain puberty at a similar age compared to contemporaries supplemented with a grain-based concentrate supplement. Materials and Methods Animals and Treatments During two heifer development and breeding seasons, 120 Bos indicus Bos taurus crossbred, spring-born heifer calves at the North Florida Research and Education Center in Marianna, Florida were used for this study. Breed origins of crossbred heifers were Angus, Brahman, Charolais, Beefmaster, and Romosinuano. The mean age and BW of the heifers at the initiation of the trial did not differ (Table 2). All heifers were managed as a single herd from weaning until the initiation of the experiment. The experiment consisted of 2 separate phases: the development phase (d 0 to 140; phase in which treatments were applied) and the breeding phase (d 141 to 224; phase in which heifers were comingled for breeding). In each year, 60 heifers were sorted into 12 pens, with 5 heifers per pen, resulting in 4 replicate pens per year per treatment, and then pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: perennial peanut hay (Arachis glabrata Benth.) supplement (PPH), 80% corn and 20% soybean meal (44% CP) supplement (CSBM), or no supplement control (CON). The CSMB was fed to average 2.7 lbs/hd/d and the PPH was fed at 6.1 lbs/hd/d (dry matter, [DM] basis) of each respective supplement. All heifers received ad libitum access to water via automatic troughs and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) hay (BGH) fed as round bales in ring feeders. Each year, every 28 d (periods) during the developmental phase, heifers were fasted for at least 16 h prior to measurement of BW, BCS, and collection of blood samples. Feed Sample Collection and Analysis Ad libitum access to BGH was allowed for all treatments throughout the development phase. Supplement amounts were calculated to provide similar caloric intakes assuming that differences in BGH intake, accounted for differences in supplement TDN intake to meet the requirements of a 508 lb beef heifer growing at 1.1 to 1.5 lb/d (NRC, 2000). Heifers in the CSBM and PPH treatments received supplements in each pen 3 d/wk (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). After completion of the development phase all heifers received the same diet, consisting of 50% corn gluten and 50% soybean meal supplement with ad libitum access to BGH and water for 13 d (Yr1) or 21 d (Yr2) until annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pastures had sufficient growth to support all heifers grazing together until completion of the breeding season. Feed samples were taken on each day of supplementation and the BGH round bales were sampled. Blood samples were collected weekly to determine puberty and for analysis of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. During year 1 (Yr1) and year 2 (Yr2), on d 140 (the conclusion of the development phase) the breeding phase was initiated by comingling all heifers and managing them as a single herd. Pregnancy was diagnosed using transrectal ultrasonography on d 47 of the breeding phase to confirm pregnancy to artificial insemination (AI). Final pregnancy rates were reported based on a 77-d breeding phase for Yr1 and Yr2 (17d of AI and 60 d of natural service), with final pregnancy diagnosis being performed on d 107, 30 d following the conclusion of breeding season. Statistical Analysis Treatment effects on average daily gain, BW, BCS, and BUN were analyzed by analysis of variance for repeated measures using procedure
3 MIXED of SAS. The repeated measures statement included pen within year as the subject and times analyzed included d 0, 28, 56, 84, 112, and 140. Year was considered a random effect. Iinitial and final BW and BCS, and fertility data including age at puberty, BW at puberty, BCS at puberty, and d on treatment to puberty were analyzed using procedure MIXED of SAS. Year and pen were considered random effects, with treatment and d being the main effect. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.) was used to analyze pregnancy rates. Year was considered a random effect, with treatment and BW at puberty being the main effects. The procedure LIFETEST was used for survival analyses on the age at puberty, d on treatment to puberty, and d to calving. Results and Discussion Feed Intake The chemical composition concentrations of the PPH (Table 1) were similar to previously reported values (Foster et al., 2009; Myer et al., 2009). Intake of BGH differed (P < 0.05) among treatments with heifers in the CON treatment consuming greater quantities of BGH than those on CSBM and PPH treatments. Similarly, total TDN and CP intake differed (Table 2). Supplement DMI was greater (P > 0.05) for heifers in the PPH treatment than the CSBM treatment, with similar results for TDN and CP intake. Average total DMI during the development phase was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment (Table 2). Heifers in the CON treatment had the least total DMI and consequently the least total TDN and CP intake. Heifers receiving the CSBM treatment had intermediate total DMI intake, resulting in intermediate total TDN and CP intake. Animal Growth and Performance There was a tendency for the CON heifers to have lesser ADG than the PPH and CSBM heifers (Table 2). Average daily gain declined from d 0 to 84, peaking from d 84 to 112 and being intermediate from d 112 to 140. There was no difference in initial BW (d 0; P = 0.98) among treatments. Mean BW throughout the development phase was not affected by treatment, however there was a treatment day interaction (P = 0.06) for BW. Initial BCS (d 0) did not differ across treatments (P = 0.85). Throughout the development phase there was no effect of treatment, day, or treatment day interaction on mean BCS. Final BCS (d 140) differed (P = 0.003) with CON having lesser BCS (4.6 ± 0.15) than the supplement treatments, which did not differ. Concentrations of BUN were similar to those reported by Cooke et al. (2009) for animals of a similar physiological status, and were within the normal physiological range. The mean concentrations of BUN for CON, CSBM, and PPH were 21.02, 21.68, and mg/dl, respectively, with no treatment day (P = 0.97), treatment (P = 0.67), or d (P = 0.23) differences detected. Cost of weight gain was $5.90 per lbs gain for CON, $5.61 per lbs gain for PPH, and $3.82 per lbs gain for CSBM. Fertility The mean age at puberty for CON (446 ± 11.1 d), CSBM (423 ± 11.1 d), and PPH (439 ± 11.1 d; Table 3) was not affected by treatment (P = 0.32). This agreed with survival analysis which indicated no differences in age of puberty (P = 0.167). The average interval to attainment of puberty was similar across treatments. Body weight is a primary factor affecting age of puberty (Joubert, 1963). The CON (643 ± 27.0 lbs), PPH (698 ± 27.0 lbs), and CSBM (716 ± 27.0 lbs) heifers did not differ in BW at puberty (P = 0.16), despite the occurrence of differences in their ADG and DMI. Mean BW of lactating, non-pregnant cows within the herd is 1,292 lbs (not including cows over 10 yr of age or first calf heifers). It was suggested that heifers will reach puberty at 60% to 66% of their mature BW (Patterson et al., 1992). However, CON heifers reached puberty at 50% of their mature BW, CSBM at 54%, and PPH at 55%. Overall pregnancy rate was derived from the pregnancy diagnosis 30 d following conclusion of the breeding phase. Overall pregnancy rates were affected by treatment (P = 0.02) with the
4 CON (65 ± 12.4%) being less than the CSBM (77.5 ± 12.4%; P = 0.06), and the PPH (87.5 ± 12.4%; P = 0.005) Treatment did not impact the mean days to calving, with no differences across treatments (P = 0.4; Table 3). At 80 to 90 d postpartum (following delivery of first calf) there was a tendency for treatment to effect cow BW (P = 0.07), with the CON heifers having a lesser BW than the PPH cows (P = 0.02). There were no differences between the PPH and CSBM (P = 0.22) or the CSBM and CON cows (P = 0.26). In addition, the BCS of the cows was affected by treatment (P = 0.005) with the CON heifers (4.9 ± 0.08) having a lesser BCS (P = 0.001) than the PPH (5.1 ± 0.08) and the CON tending to have a lesser BCS than the CSBM (5.0 ± 0.08; P = 0.07) during their first postpartum interval (PPI). The BW of the calves was not affected by cow treatment (P = 0.54). Thus, this experiment reveals that PPHsupplemented heifers had similar growth and reproductive performance when compared to CSBM-supplemented heifers. However, CON heifers had reduced pregnancy rates, and their mature cow size and postpartum BCS was impacted by nutrition during the developmental phase. Literature Cited Cooke, R. F et al J. Anim. Sci. 87: Foster, J. L. et al J. Anim Sci. 87: Joubert, D. M Anim. Breed. 31:295 (Abstr.). Myer, B et al University of Florida, Gainesville, FL: IFAS Extension AN 234. Patterson, D. J. et al J. Anim. Sci. 70: Acknowledgements This research was funded by USDA T-STAR project number Appreciation also is expressed to O. Helms, D. Jones, M. Maddox, C. Nowell, H. Standland, P. Folsum, and D. Thomas for their assistance with data collection and laboratory analysis.
5 Figure 1. Mean bodyweight by d for heifers receiving three different developmental diets. CON Control, CSBM 80% corn 20% soybean meal supplement treatment, PPH perennial peanut hay supplement. * CSBM and PPH differ from CON on d 112 and 140 (P < 0.05). Table 1. Nutritional values 1 of feeds offered during the developmental phase 2. Supplements CSBM 3 PPH 4 BGH 5 DM Basis Yr1 6 Yr2 7 Yr1 Yr2 Yr1 Yr2 DM, % TDN, % CP, % ADF, % NDF, % NEm (Mcal) NEg (Mcal) Mean of two samples analyzed via wet chemistry analysis for the supplements (PPH and CSBM) and analyzed via Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR) for BGH. 2 Development phase was initiated 140 d prior to initiation of the breeding season. 3 80% corn, 20% soybean meal. 4 Perennial peanut hay 5 BGH - bermudagrass hay nutritive values offered to all treatments during the development phase. 6 Yr1 - Year 1 from Oct to March Yr2 - Year 2 from Oct to March 2011.
6 Table 2. Dry matter intake (DMI) parameters of heifers during the development phase 1 and growth parameters. Treatments 2 Item CON CSBM PPH SE P-value Intake DMI, % BW 1.4 a 1.6 b 2.0 c DMI, lb/hd / d 7.5 a 9.5 b 11.7 c 0.55 <0.01 TDN intake 3, 4.4 a 6.2 b 7.1 c 0.20 <0.01 CP intake, 0.97 a 1.44 b 1.66 c <0.01 Supplement DMI, lb/hd / d a 6.2 b Supplement TDN intake, a 3.8 b Supplement CP intake, a 0.91 b Bermuda grass hay DMI, 7.7 c 6.6 b 5.8 a Bermuda grass hay TDN intake, 4.4 c 3.8 b 3.3 a Bermuda grass hay CP intake, 1.02 b 0.88 a 0.80 a Animal performance ADG during development phase, lb/d 0.40 a 1.06 b 1.02 b ADG during breeding phase 4, lb/d Initial BW 5, lb Final BW 5, lb 575 a 670 b 663 b Mean BW Initial BCS Final BCS a 5.1 b 5.2 b Mean BCS BUN 9, mg/dl Feed cost of weight gain 10, $/lb gain Development phase d supplementation period 2 Heifers were assigned to one of three supplementation treatments: 1) heifers received no supplementation with ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay (CON); 2) heifers received a corn/soybean supplement at 2.7 lb/hd / d with ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay (CSBM); and 3) heifers received perennial peanut hay supplement at 6.1 lb/hd / d with with ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay (PPH). 3 Intake is defined as the total disappearance of feed (offered feed-orts) 4 ADG during breeding season - ADG of the 84 d breeding phase following the development phase. 5 Initial and Final BW - Mean body weight of heifers on d 0 and d 140 of development phase. 6 Mean BW - Mean body weight as determined by repeated measures. 7 Initial and Final BCS - body condition score on d 0 and d 140 of development phase. 8 Mean BCS - Mean body condition score as determined by repeated measures. 9 BUN- Blood Urea Nitrogen as an average of all 28 d values. 10 Feed cost of weight gain calculated based on feed cost of individual treatment on a $/lb basis as a function of ADG. a,b,c Means differ (P < 0.05)
7 Table 3. Fertility data during the development phase 1. Treatments 2 CON CSBM PPH SE P-value Age at attainment of puberty, d BW at attainment of puberty, lb BCS at attainment of puberty Days on treatment to until attainment of puberty, d Overall pregnancy rate, % b 78.0 a 88.0 a Days to calving, d Development phase d supplementation period for both year 1 and year 2 2 Heifers were assigned to one of three supplementation treatments: 1) heifers received no supplementation with ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay (CON); 2) heifers received a corn/soybean supplement at 2.7 lb/hd / d with ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay (CSBM); and 3) heifers received perennial peanut hay supplement at 6.1 lb/hd / d with with ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay (PPH). 3 Age at attainment of puberty- the age of the week in which the first rise of P4 was detected. 4 BW at attainment of puberty- BW prior to P4 Rise + [ADG of Period of Rise * (Date of P4 Rise - Date of Prior 28 d BW) 5 BCS at attainment of puberty- body condition score from the period the rise of P4 was detected. 6 Days on treatment until attainment of puberty- d from the start of the 140 d development phase until puberty. 7 Overall pregnancy rate - total heifers pregnant 30 d following bull removal. 8 Days to calving with d 0 being the date at which the first live calf from within each year was born a,b,c Means differ (P < 0.05).
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