DISPOZICIJA DOKTORSKE DISERTACIJE
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1 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI EKONOMSKA FAKULTETA DISPOZICIJA DOKTORSKE DISERTACIJE Mentor: prof. dr. Andrej Kovačič Kandidat: Dejan Pajk, mag Ljubljana, september 2011
2 1 Predlog naslova doktorske disertacije Uporaba referenčnih modelov pri prenovi in informatizaciji poslovanja Angleški naslov: The use of reference models for business process redesign and information system development 2 Opis ožjega znanstvenega področja Prenova poslovnih procesov predstavlja ključni element pri zagotavljanju konkurenčne prednosti organizacije. Prične se z opredelitvijo in poenotenjem ter nadaljuje z izboljševanjem poslovnih procesov. Prenova poslovnih procesov lahko predstavlja samostojen projekt, lahko pa poteka hkrati z informatizacijo, kar prinaša organizaciji bistveno večje potencialne možnosti (Kovačič & Bosilj Vukšić, 2005). Raziskave kažejo, da informatika pozitivno vpliva na uspešnost poslovanja le, če podjetje k informatizaciji pristopi ob optimizaciji poslovnih procesov (Smith, Fingar, 2003). McCormack in Johnson (2001) sta izoblikovala koncept procesne usmerjenosti, ki naj bi bila močno pozitivno povezana z uspešnostjo poslovanja. Podjetja, ki so bila bolj procesno usmerjena, so bila v povprečju uspešnejša od tistih, ki so bila procesno usmerjena v manjši meri ali sploh niso bila. Pri uvedbi novega načina poslovanja je ključna tudi informatizacija prenovljenih procesov, ki je neposredno povezana z uvajanjem novih tehnoloških rešitev, saj so slednje predpogoj in spodbujevalec prenove in integracije procesov v podjetjih (Kovačič, 2001). Informatizacija omogoča, da so poslovni procesi učinkoviti in uspešni. Omogoča njihovo fleksibilnost in predstavlja osnovo za uspešen management poslovnih procesov (Kovačič, Bosilj-Vukšić, 2005). Po raziskavah je najbolj pogost način informatizacije z uvedbo rešitve ERP (angl. Enterprise Resource Planning, ERP). Po raziskavah (Beatty & Williams, 2006) ima rešitve ERP 67 % manjše do srednje velikih podjetij, 21 % pa je v fazi izbire tovrstnih rešitev. Rešitve ERP vsebujejo znanja oz. najboljšo prakso izvajanja poslovnih aktivnosti, ki se je izoblikovala na podlagi dolgoletnih izkušenj. To znanje je lahko zapisano v obliki konceptualnih modelov dobrih praks. Konceptualni modeli so pomemben del pri uvajanju, izvajanju kakor tudi spremljanju ter nadzoru poslovnih procesov. Pri zagotavljanju tovrstnih modelov je ključna uporaba primernih orodij za modeliranje poslovnih procesov ter tudi predlog že preizkušenih poslovnih procesov. Predloge poslovnih procesov povečajo učinkovitost ter kvaliteto faze načrtovanja poslovnega procesa (Kirchmer, 2009). Tovrstne predloge poslovnih procesov imenujemo referenčni modeli poslovnih procesov (angl. Business Process Reference Models), v nadaljevanju RM. Različne znanstvene ter strokovne opredelitve izraza RM prikazuje Tabela 1. 1
3 Tabela 1: Definicije izraza referenčni model Avtor(ji) Bernus, 1999 Definicija RM zajame lastnosti, skupne podjetjem, ki delujejo znotraj ene ali preko več različnih panog. Komponente RM predstavljajo normaliziran opis ključnih komponent dane domene. Lahko jih uporabimo kot začetne točke za razvoj nove aplikacije. Frank, 1999 Splošen RM predstavlja razred domen (angl. class of domains), (str. 695). Mišic & Zhao, 2000 Fettke & Loos, 2003 Rosemann, 2003 RM predstavlja konceptualni okvir za opis sistemske arhitekture. Ta nam zagotavlja visok nivo specifikacije razreda določenega sistema (str. 484). RM predstavlja razred domen (angl. class of domains). RM so splošni konceptualni modeli, ki zapišejo priporočene prakse določene domene. vom Brocke, 2003 RM je informacijski model, razvit z namenom podpore razvoja aplikacijskega modela. Objekte RM ponovno uporabimo z izdelavo objektov oz. vsebine aplikacijskega modela (str. 34). Enterprise Integration 2007 Inc., RM poslovnih procesov integrira najboljše prakse v strukturirano ogrodje. RM imajo naslednje skupne značilnosti (Fettke & Loos, 2007; Fettke & Loos, 2003; Kirchmer, 1999; Scheer, 1998): prikaz najboljših praks, univerzalnost (lahko jih uporabimo v več podjetjih) ponovna uporabnost (lahko jih ponovno uporabimo ter prilagodimo posebnostim posameznega podjetja). Vsi RM, ki so trenutno na voljo ne izpolnjujejo vseh zgoraj opisanih značilnosti (Fettke & Loos, 2007). Z razliko od specifičnega modela podjetja, ki opisuje le določeno organizacijo, se RM nanaša na določen segment organizacij (Thomas, 2006). Dokaz temu sta RM industrije Y-CIM (Scheer, Jost, & Guengoez, 2007) ali RM rešitve ERP SAP R/3 (Curran, Keller, & Ladd, 1997). 2
4 Glede na področje, ki ga RM obravnavajo ločimo (Kirchmer, 2009): panožne RM (predstavljajo najboljšo prakso v določeni panogi), RM korporacij (namenjeni so standardizaciji dela), RM programskih rešitev (predstavljajo zmožnosti rešitev ERP ali pa določenega procesa storitveno usmerjene arhitekture (angl. Service Oriented Architecture, SOA), postopkovne RM (npr. RM projektne metodologije). Uporaba RM omogoča razlago kompleksnih sistemov tako managerjem, analitikom, kot tudi razvijalcem rešitev. Managerji uporabljajo organizacijske oz. poslovne poglede, analitiki ter razvijalci pa RM na bolj podrobni, informacijski ravni (Enterprise Integration Inc., 2007). Uporabo RM zasledimo na področjih: načrtovanja ter prenove poslovnih procesov (Scheer, 2000), razvoja standardnih programskih rešitev (Winter, 1994), prilagajanja rešitev ERP (Rosemann & van der Aalst, 2007) ter izobraževanja in učenja (Thomas, 2006). Uporaba RM v fazi načrtovanja poslovnega procesa prinaša številne koristi kot so nižji stroški, krajši časi izvedbe, večja kakovost, nižje tveganje itd. (Fettke & Loos, 2007; Kirchmer, 2009). Omenjene prednosti so razlog za nastanek številnih RM na različnih domenah znanja kot je ITIL (Taylor & Probst, 2003) na področju upravljanja storitev IT ali SCOR (Supply Chain Council, 2008) na področju oskrbovalne verige. Osnovni RM ne more pokriti vseh poslovnih procesov, zato so kot nadgradnja razviti RM najboljših praks za posamezno panogo (avtomobilsko, letalsko, farmacevtsko, gradbeno, živilsko itd.). Vsako podjetje vsebuje določene specifične procese, katerim se RM lahko dodatno prilagodi. Razvoj konceptualnega modela poslovnega procesa je časovno in stroškovno potratno opravilo (Becker, Beverungen, & Knackstedt, 2010). RM služi kot vodilo, ter je ob uvedbi prilagojen značilnostim organizacije (Hilt, 2007, str. 3). Nekateri raziskovalci na področju RM rešitev ERP se ukvarjajo s kritiko samih RM. Tako so Mendling, Alast, Dongen in Verbeek (2006) z analizo odkrili napake (npr. neskončne zanke) v sami sintaksi RM rešitve ERP SAP R/3. Za zapis RM se uporabljajo različne tehnike. Uporabil bom svetovno uveljavljen standard na področju modeliranja poslovnih procesov BPMN (angl. Business Process Modeling Notation). Notacija BPMN je podobna diagramom poteka, zato je razumljiva tudi poslovnim uporabnikom. Določa jasna pravila modeliranja in zapis definicije procesa v programskem jeziku XML (angl. Extensible Markup Language). To nadalje omogoča simulacijo ter tudi samo informatizacijo oz. 3
5 izvedbo poslovnega procesa. BPMN predstavlja skupen jezik tako za informacijske kot tudi poslovne uporabnike. Glede na namen in cilje poznamo več nivojev podrobnosti modeliranja (Silver, 2009): nivo 1 oz. opisni nivo vsebuje osnovni nabor elementov notacije ter je razumen poslovnim uporabnikom, nivo 2 oz. analitični nivo vsebuje celoten nabor elementov notacije; poudarek je na opisovanju izjem ter dogodkov, nivo 3 oz. izvedbeni nivo je predstavljen z jezikom XML ter vsebuje podrobnosti kot so podatki, storitve, sporočila ter človeška opravila. Problematika, ki izziva izdelavo doktorske disertacije RM so v literaturi pogosto obravnavani, tako znanstveno kot strokovno od koder koncept tudi izhaja. Še vedno pa ni jasno določeno kateri pristopi so tisti, ki omogočajo uspešno uporabo RM tako na področju prenove kot na področju informatizacije poslovnih procesov. Razkorak med teorijo in prakso je na tem področju še velik, zato obstaja potreba po znanstveni opredelitvi nekaterih pristopov. Klasifikacijo RM ter pristopov sta v svojem delu opredelila Fettke in Loos (2003). Izredno pomembno je zavedanje, da je za uspešno informatizacijo poslovanja potrebno veliko več kot izbira in nakup ustrezne rešitve. Čeprav ima izbrana rešitev ustrezno funkcionalnost, to še ni zagotovilo za njeno uspešno uvedbo. Delež neuspešnih projektov uvedbe celovitih programskih rešitev je visok, po nekaterih virih znaša kar 70% projektov (Kovačič, Bosilj-Vukšić, 2005), tudi njihova izvedba je največkrat težavna in povzroča stroške pri izvedbi in nadaljnjem vzdrževanju. Preden se menedžment podjetja odloča o razvoju ali nakupu rešitve in njenem uvajanju, mora sprva analizirati obstoječe stanje in predvideti prihajajoče poslovne potrebe, torej svojo obstoječo in bodočo poslovno strategijo ter izvajanje poslovnih procesov. Poznavanje poslovnih procesov je še posebej pomembno, saj je določen nivo procesne usmerjenosti nujen za uspešno uporabo izbrane rešitve. Na drugi strani mora raziskati zmožnosti in primernosti ustreznih rešitev na trgu. Rešitev izbere tako, da primerja zmožnosti rešitve s poslovnimi potrebami in pri tem ugotavlja odstopanja. Za primerno (v praksi idealno) velja rešitev, ki pokrije vsaj 70% potreb organizacije (Kovačič, Indihar Štemberger, 2007). V doktorski nalogi bom obravnaval tako problematiko primerjave kot tudi izdelave RM. Vsebino podrobneje opredeljujem v razdelku»predmet raziskovanja in raziskovalna vprašanja«. 4
6 3 Predmet raziskovanja in raziskovalna vprašanja Primerjava RM Ustreznost programskih rešitev glede na informacijske potrebe naročnika analiziramo in ocenjujemo na osnovi ujemanja s procesnim modelov in posredno tudi modelom podatkov. Oceno funkcionalne podprtosti in celovitosti programske rešitve oziroma njeno primernost izvedemo tako, da primerjamo RM ocenjevane rešitve z našim načrtovanim (angl. to-be) modelom poslovnih procesov. Medsebojna primerjava modelov kaže na stopnjo oziroma obseg, v katerem rešitev pokriva informacijske potrebe obravnavanega področja (Kovačič & Indihar Štemberger, 2007). RM vsebujejo splošno uporabno znanja določene domene ter s tem pospešijo analizo ter preoblikovanje splošnih rešitev v specifične rešitve podjetja (Fettke, Loos, & Zwicker, 2006). Vprašanje, ki se pojavlja je do kakšne mere ter na kakšen način so lahko priporočene prakse uvedene v določeno poslovno okolje. Primerjava RM ocenjevane rešitve z modelom poslovnih procesov podjetja pa ni vedno enostavna. Uporabnik, ki primerjavo izvede mora vsebinsko poznati domeno znanja ki ga RM pokriva, kakor tudi sintakso oz. notacijo RM. Poznati mora tudi kakšen je potencialni vpliv določenih sprememb na RM. Ker je uporabnikov, ki bi imeli tovrstna znanja relativno malo La Rosa, Lux, Seidel, Dumas in Hofstede (2007) predlagajo uvedbo zaprtih vprašalnikov, ki imajo povezavo na določene točke RM. Uporabnik tako ne potrebuje več znanja o RM, temveč le podaja odgovore na vprašanja. Vprašanja so nato osnova za prilagoditev RM podjetju. Heuvel & Jeusfeld (2007) opisujeta metodo transformacije RM v naslednjih korakih: uskladitev (v tem koraku se izvorne modele med seboj primerja ter na tej osnovi predlaga RM, ki najbolj ustreza določeni domeni), izbira komponent RM, obogatitev RM ter integracija RM s ciljnim modelom. V fazi izbire komponent RM imamo več različnih možnosti in sicer lahko določeno komponento odstranimo, razdružimo, združimo ali preimenujemo. (Heuvel & Jeusfeld, 2007). Večji ponudniki rešitev ERP so na podlagi dolgoletnih izkušenj razvili procesno usmerjene projektne metodologije, ter prikazali uporabo RM znotraj vsake faze uvedbe. Najbolj poznan RM rešitve ERP je SAP R/3 RM, ki se uporablja znotraj procesno usmerjene metodologije ASAP (angl. Accelerated SAP) (Gulledge & Simon, 2005). Algoritmi procesnega rudarjenja (Alves de Medeiros, Weijters, & Van der Aalst, 2006; Rozinat, Veloso, & Van Der Aalst, 2008) prikazujejo obetavne rešitve na področju primerjav skladnosti 5
7 instanc procesa z RM. Instance procesa so običajno meri na osnovi dnevnikov sprememb in ti podatki so nato osnova za spreminjanje obstoječega (angl. as-is) poslovnega procesa. Gerke, Cardoso in Claus, (2009) opozarjajo na izbiro pravega nivoja podrobnosti ter obravnavanja procesov kot celoto. Podatki dnevnika sprememb ne predstavljajo procesa v celoti, saj le ti vsebujejo tudi ostale izhode kot so zapisi, ročne aktivnosti ter tudi znanje zaposlenih. Vse to pa vpliva na skladnost as-is poslovnega procesa z RM. V prispevku avtorji navajajo, da imata dva procesa lahko različno strukturo, vendar sta lahko vseeno skladna. Predlagajo nov pristop, ki upošteva omenjene slabosti klasičnih pristopov. Pri projektih modeliranja poslovnih procesov se običajno modelira vse procese hkrati. Podjetje običajno težko zazna kateri procesi so slabi ter bi jih bilo potrebno prenoviti. S primerjavo na nivoju RM podjetje pridobi več kot le oceno funkcionalne podprtosti in celovitosti programske rešitve. Ugotovijo se tudi pomanjkljivosti obstoječih procesov podjetja, kje je podjetje slabše od uveljavljene prakse ter poda predloge za prenovo poslovnega procesa. Običajno so uporabljene notacije modeliranja izvornih modelov procesov v primerjavi z RM različne, zato je v postopku prenove procesa potrebno najprej zagotoviti skupno osnovo na kateri bo izvedena primerjava. Razvoj RM Kot osnovo za razvoj RM potrebujemo znanje določene domene, ki ga želimo formalizirati ter tehniko modeliranja, ki opredeljuje osnovne koncepte (Becker, Beverungen, & Knackstedt, 2010). Vzdrževanje RM zahteva stalno prilagajanje ter spreminjanje glede na spremembe rešitve ERP. Stroški, nastali z vzdrževanjem RM, morajo biti tako nižji od pozitivnih učinkov, ki jih uporaba RM prinese. Na področju modeliranja rešitev ERP Soffer, Golany in Dori (2003) predlagajo kateri jezik modeliranja je najbolj primeren glede na lastnosti rešitev ERP. Thomas in Scheer (2006) predstavljata arhitekturo ter funkcionalnosti sistema za upravljanje RM (angl. Reference Model Management System, RMMS). Z RM podjetje zniža tveganja povezana z uvedbo in vzdrževanjem rešitev ERP. Uporaba je bistvenega pomena tudi v primeru odprtokodnih rešitev ERP. De Campos, De Carvalho in Ferreira, (2006) v prispevku opisujeta izdelavo RM na osnovi arhitekture CIMOSA (angl. Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System Architecture). Rosemann in van der Aalst (2007) ocenjujeta SAP RM kot neprilagodljiv ter predlagata nov modelirni jezik t. i. Configurable EPCs, ki omogoča specifikacijo različnih konfiguracij RM. Na podlagi strokovne in znanstvene literature sem oblikoval dve temeljni tezi: 6
8 T1: Uporaba RM priporočenih praks prinaša prihranke na času, stroških ter kakovosti, tako pri prenovi kot tudi pri informatizaciji poslovnih procesov. T2: Z uporabo ustrezne metode lahko podjetje, brez zunanjega svetovalca, samo izvede primerjavo zmožnosti informacijske rešitve s poslovnimi potrebami, ter s tem poveča verjetnost pravilnosti izbire informacijske rešitve. Raziskovalna vprašanja doktorske disertacije so: Koliko podrobno modelirati poslovne procese? Kako zagotoviti določen nivo podrobnosti modeliranja poslovnih procesov? Kako modelirati poslovne procese za namen informatizacije? Kako izdelati RM informacijske rešitve, ki bi bil uporaben tako pri uvedbi, prenovi kakor tudi vzdrževanju tovrstnih rešitev? Kako ter na katerem nivoju podrobnosti izvesti primerjavo modela procesov podjetja z RM poslovnih procesov? Posledično je zanimivo raziskovalno področje tudi izbira ustreznih pristopov in metodologij za prenovo in informatizacijo poslovnih procesov. Kljub velikemu številu tovrstnih metodologij še niso razvite metodologije, ki bi celovito vključevale uporabo RM. Glede na specifike projektov prenove oz. informatizacije bi bilo potrebno tovrstne metodologije prilagoditi glede na te značilnosti. Poseben problem je tudi izbira ustreznih orodij za izdelavo RM, saj lahko tudi izbira ustreznega orodja bistveno prispeva k uspešnosti tovrstnega projekta. Namen disertacije je predlagati ter empirično prikazati uporabo RM pri prenovi ter informatizaciji poslovnih procesov. Namen bom postopno uresničeval skozi naslednje cilje: C1: preučiti obstoječe znanje na področju RM poslovnih procesov (pregled literature in dosedanjih raziskav), C2: na osnovi kvantitativnih statističnih metod raziskati nivoje podrobnosti modeliranja poslovnih procesov, s poudarkom na izboru elementov notacije BPMN, ki predstavljajo osnovo za izdelavo opisnega, analitičnega oz. izvedbenega RM, Primerjava RM C3: preučiti obstoječe metodološke pristope primerjave RM, C4: na osnovi študije primera prikazati primerjavo RM z obstoječimi procesi podjetja na različnih nivojih podrobnosti, Razvoj RM 7
9 C5: razviti pristop k razvoju RM, ki bo predstavljal metodološki okvir izdelave RM s ciljem ponovne uporabe RM, C6: predlagati dopolnitev notacije BPMN z elementi, ki omogočajo izdelavo podrobnejših RM rešitev ERP, C7: preizkusiti predlagan pristop razvoja RM na osnovi študije primera izdelave RM poslovnega procesa ter RM rešitve ERP, Ocena prispevka k znanosti Podjetja se, tako v svetu kot pri nas, vse več odločajo za uvedbo rešitev ERP, kar predstavlja pomemben pristop k prenovi in informatizaciji poslovanja. Pri informatizaciji poslovanja je koristno uporabljati RM, v katerih je priporočena praksa opisana na strukturiran način. Doktorska naloga ima prispevek na področju znanosti, saj gre za predlog splošne metode razvoja RM preizkušeno z uporabo študij primerov. Prinaša tudi pomemben prispevek k praksi. Izziv s katerim se podjetja soočajo je, da za veliko informacijskih rešitev RM niso na voljo. Zaradi tega obstaja potreba po celoviti metodi izdelave tovrstnih RM. Koncept RM je na področju uvajanja informacijskih rešitev pogosto obravnavan predvsem strokovno. Ne obstaja pa še znanstveno preizkušene metode, ki bi na konceptualni ravni omogočala primerjavo RM informacijskih rešitev z dejanskimi procesi v podjetju. Podana metoda primerjave modela procesov podjetja z RM rešitve, ki bo splošno uporabljiva bo tako pomemben prispevek k znanosti. Ko se podjetje odloča o razvoju ali nakupu oziroma izbiri rešitve ERP in njenem uvajanju, mora nujno najprej poznati svojo obstoječo in bodočo poslovno strategijo ter izvajanje poslovnih procesov. Informacija o ustreznosti programske rešitve pred samim začetkom projekta uvedbe je izjemnega pomena. Prispevek ima tako tudi dodano vrednost v praksi. Cilji doktorske naloge so tudi neposredno uporabni in relevantni v slovenskem prostoru. Predlagani pristopi so uporabni v vseh organizacijah v privatnem ali javnem sektorju. 4 Opis znanstvene metode Pri pisanju doktorske disertacije dela bom uporabljal različne metode raziskovalnega dela. Po uvodnem delu, v katerem bodo predstavljeni namen in cilji disertacije, metoda dela, raziskovalna vprašanja in temeljne teze, bo drugi del, kjer bo predstavljen koncept RM, temeljil na metodi pregleda literature. V tem delu bo proučevanje področja kvalitativne narave. V okviru deskriptivnega pristopa bom s kombinacijo različnih metod (metoda deskripcije, metoda razvrščanja, metoda kompilacije, metoda komparacije) temeljito predstavil in opisal področje proučevanja. Cilj tega dela bo pregled teorije, na kateri temelji koncept RM, njen razvoj ter domene uporabe. 8
10 Kot osrednjo raziskovalno metodo bom uporabil študijo primera. Študija primera je opredeljena kot empirično raziskovanje, ki proučuje sodoben pojav v kontekstu realnega okolja in vključuje izčrpno in podrobno zbiranje podatkov iz več virov informiranja (Yin, 2002). Metodo študije primera bom uporabil zato, ker lahko statistične metode ponudijo zgolj splošne usmeritve, le malo pa povedo o vzrokih, kako in zakaj do takšnih povezav pride. Na osnovi dosedanjih dognanj na področju uporabe RM pri informatizaciji poslovanja ter študije primera bom predlagal pristop primerjave modelov procesov podjetja z RM (Slika 1). Najprej bo s tehniko BPMN predstavljen obstoječi poslovni proces. Nato bo po predlaganih fazah izvedena primerjava, ki bo identificirala stopnjo skladnosti poslovnega procesa z RM informacijske rešitve. Slika 1: Grafični prikaz primerjave procesov z uporabo RM Model poslovnega procesa podjetja "as-is" Referenčni model informacijske rešitve Prenovljeni proces v podjetju "to-be" V doktorski nalogi bom prikazal tudi primer izdelave RM informacijske rešitve. Uporabil bom metodo analitične indukcije. Na osnovi teoretičnih dognanj bom predlagal metodo ter jo preveril s pomočjo študije primera. Na tej osnovi bom popravil prvoten predlog metode ter ga preveril na novi študiji primera. V primeru, da je razlaga potrjena, se lahko s postopkom zaključi ter sklene, da je razlaga veljavna, v nasprotnem primeru se v analizo vključi nove primere, dokler ne najdemo veljavne razlage (Bregar, Ograjenšek, & Bavdaž, 2005). Izdelavo RM bom izvedel s tehniko BPMN, ki jo bom za ta namen nadgradil z dodatnimi elementi. Študije primera bodo obravnavale izdelavo RM določenega področja rešitve ERP. RM bo podan na različnih nivojih podrobnosti (opisni, analitični, izvedbeni). Izdelan bo na osnovi izobraževalne dokumentacije rešitev ERP. Namen bo vsebinsko prikazati osnovne komponente določenega aplikacijskega področja. Eden izmed ciljev doktorske disertacije je tudi preučitev nivojev podrobnosti modeliranja s poudarkom na izboru elementov notacije BPMN. V tem segmentu me predvsem zanima kakšna je uporaba notacije BPMN na projektih modeliranja in prenove poslovnih procesov v Sloveniji. S tem namenom bom vzel vzorec 100 procesov podjetij z različnih panog (javni ter zasebni sektor), ter analiziral nivo podrobnosti modeliranja. Vsak proces bom pretvoril v numerično obliko (v 9
11 obliko dvodimenzionalne tabele) ter s tem omogočil izvedbo različnih statističnih metod, kot so analiza skupin angl. cluster analysis, frekvenčna analiza angl. frequency analysis ter analiza kovariance angl. covariance analysis. Rezultat analize bo prikaz uporabljenih simbolov notacije BPMN glede na kategorijo procesov (vodstveni, podporni ali temeljni) ter na tej osnovi določitev spremenljivk, ki so vplivale na izbran nivo podrobnosti modeliranja. 5 Struktura doktorske disertacije 1. Uvod 1.1. Opredelitev področja in opis problematike 1.2. Predmet raziskovanja in raziskovalna vprašanja 1.3. Ocena prispevka k znanosti 1.4. Opis znanstvene metode 1.5. Struktura disertacije 2. Referenčni modeli 2.1. Razvoj koncepta 2.2. Področja uporabe referenčnih modelov 3. Prenova in informatizacija poslovanja 3.1. Modeliranje poslovnih procesov Izbira nivoja podrobnosti modeliranja Statistična analiza poslovnih procesov Rezultati analize 3.2. Izbiranje in uvajanje informacijskih rešitev 4. Primerjava referenčnih modelov 4.1. Analiza obstoječih metod 4.2. Razvoj konceptualnega modela primerjave modela procesov z referenčnih modelom 4.3. Študija primera Opis izvornih modelov Aplikacija predlagane metode Rezultati 5. Razvoj referenčnih modelov 5.1. Analiza obstoječih metod 5.2. Pristop izdelave referenčnega modela 5.3. Študija primera Opis izvornih modelov Aplikacija predlagane metode Rezultati 6. Zaključek 7. Literatura in viri 8. Priloge 10
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18 80. Object Management Group. (2008). Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), Version 1.2. Pridobljeno od Oliver, T. (2007). Version Management for Reference Models: Design and Implementation. Reference Modeling: Efficient Information Systems Design Through Reuse of Information Models (1st iz., str 1-26). Physica-Verlag Haidelberg. 82. Pajk, D., Indihar Stemberger, M., & Kovačič, A. (2010). The Use of Reference Models in Business Process Renovation. Business Systems Research, Business Systems Research, 1(1-2), Pant, K. (2008). Business Process Driven SOA using BPMN and BPEL: From Business Process Modeling to Orchestration and Service Oriented Architecture. Packt Publishing. 84. Pesic, M., & Van Der Aalst, W. M. P. (2005). Towards a Reference Model for Work Distribution in Workflow Management Systems. Predstavljeno na Workshop on Business Process Reference Models (BPRM 2005), Nancy, France. 85. Phillips, D. (2004). The Software Project Manager s Handbook: Principles That Work at Work. Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Pr. 86. Popovič, A., Indihar Štemberger, M., Jaklič, J., & Kovačič, A. (2004). Poslovno modeliranje v teoriji in praksi: izkušnje in napotki. Uporabna informatika, 12(2), Ramesh, B., & Jarke, M. (2001). Toward reference models for requirements traceability. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 27(1), Recker, J. (2010). Opportunities and constraints: the current struggle with BPMN. Business Process Management Journal, 16(1), doi: / Recker, J., Rosemann, Michael, van der Alast, W. M. P., Jansen-Vullers, N., & Dreiling, A. (2007). Conigurable Reference Modeling Languages. Reference Modeling for Business Systems Analysis (str 22-46). Hershey, London. 90. Recker, J., Rosemann, Michael, Van Der Aalst, W., & Mendling, J. (2006). On the Syntax of Reference Model Configuration Transforming the C-EPC into Lawful EPC Models. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Let. 3812/2006, str ). Predstavljeno na Workshop on Business Process Reference Models (BPRM 2005), Nancy, France. 91. Reijers, H. A., & Liman Mansar, S. (2005). Best practices in business process redesign: an overview and qualitative evaluation of successful redesign heuristics. Omega, Omega, 33(4), Rieke, T., & Seel, C. (2007). Supporting Enterprise Systems Introduction by Controlling- Enabled Configurative Reference Modeling. Reference Modeling: Efficient Information Systems Design Through Reuse of Information Models (1st iz., str ). Physica-Verlag Haidelberg. 17
19 93. Rinke, T., & Weyer, T. (2007). Defining reference models for modelling qualities: how requirements engineering techniques can help. Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality, Rosemann, M. (2000). Using reference models within the enterprise resource planning lifecycle. Australian Accounting Review, 10(22), Rosemann, M. (2003). Application Reference Models and Building Blocks for Management and Control. Handbook of Enterprise Architecture. Eds.: P. Bernus, L. Nemes, G. Schmidt. Berlin et al, Rosemann, M., & van der Aalst, W. M. P. (2007). A Configurable Reference Modelling Language. Information Systems, 32(1), Rozinat, A., Veloso, M., & Van Der Aalst, W. M. P. (2008). Evaluating the Quality of Discovered Process Models. Predstavljeno na 2nd Intl. Workshop on the Induction of Process Models, Antwerp, Belgium. 98. Rozman, T. (2006). Metoda za modeliranje in predstavitev obsežnih delovnih procesov (doktorska disertacija). Maribor: Fakulteta za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko. 99. Saunders, M. N. K., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2004). Research Methods for Business Students (3rd iz.). Prentice Hall Scheer, A. W, & Habermann, F. (2000). Enterprise resource planning: making ERP a success. Communications of the ACM, 43(4), Scheer, A. W, & Nuttgens, M. (2000). ARIS architecture and reference models for business process management. Business Process Management, Scheer, August Wilhelm. (1998). Business Process Engineering Study Edition: Reference Models for Industrial Enterprises (1st iz.). Springer Scheer, August Wilhelm, Jost, W., & Guengoez, O. (2007). A Reference Model for Industrial Enterprises. Reference Modeling for Business Systems Analysis (str ). Hershey, London Scheer, A.-W. (2000). ARIS: Business Process Modeling (3rd iz.). Springer Scheer, A.-W., Abolhassan, F., Jost, W., & Kirchmer, M. (2002). Business Process Excellence (1st iz.). Springer Schermann, M., Böhmann, T., & Krcmar, H. (2009). Explicating Design Theories with Conceptual Models: Towards a Theoretical Role of Reference Models. Wissenschaftstheorie und gestaltungsorientierte Wirtschaftsinformatik, Schwalbe, K. (2009). Information Technology Project Management (with Microsoft Project 2007 CD-ROM) (6th iz.). Course Technology. 18
20 108. Sein, M. K., Munkvold, B.-E., Orvik, T. U., Wojtkowski, W., Zupančič, J., & Wrycza, S. (2001). The Impact of Reference Modeling in MRPII/ERP Systems on Business Process Reengineering. Contemporary trends in systems development (str 45-52). Springer Shelly, G. B., Cashman, T. J., & Rosenblatt, H. J. (2007). Systems Analysis and Design, Seventh Edition (7th iz.). Course Technology Silver, B. (2009). BPMN Method and Style: A levels-based methodology for BPM process modeling and improvement using BPMN 2.0. Cody-Cassidy Press Smith, H., & Fingar, P. (2003). IT Doesn t Matter-Business Processes Do: A Critical Analysis of Nicholas Carr's I.T. Article in the Harvard Business Review. Meghan-Kiffer Press Soffer, P., Golany, B., & Dori, D. (2003). ERP modeling: a comprehensive approach. Information Systems, 28(6), Spanyi, A. (2008). More for Less: The Power of Process Management. Meghan-Kiffer Press Studebaker, D. (2009). Programming Microsoft Dynamics NAV Packt Publishing Supply Chain Council. (2008). Supply Chain Operations Reference Model. Version vom Brocke, J. (2003). Reference modelling, towards collaborative arrangements of design processes. Logos Berlin Taylor, C., & Probst, C. (2003). Business Process Reference Model Languages: Experiences from BPI Projects. Informatik 2003 (str ). Predstavljeno na Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fr Informatik Teschke, T., & Ritter, J. (2001). Towards a foundation of component-oriented software reference models. Generative and Component-Based Software Engineering (str 70 84) Thomas, O., & Scheer, A. (2006). Tool Support for the Collaborative Design of Reference Models - A Business Engineering Perspective. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 06) (str 10a-10a). Predstavljeno na 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 06), Kauia, HI, USA Thomas, Oliver. (2006). Understanding the Term Reference Model in Information Systems Research: History, Literature Analysis and Explanation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Let. 3812/2006, str ). Predstavljeno na Workshop on Business Process Reference Models (BPRM 2005), Nancy, France Todorovski, L., Kunstelj, M., & Vintar, M. (2007). Reference Models for E-Services Integration Based on Life-Events. Electronic Government (str ) Toms, S. (2010). Value, profit and risk: accounting and the resource-based view of the firm. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 23(5),
21 123. Trkman, P. (2009). The critical success factors of business process management. International Journal of Information Management, 30(2), Value Chain Group. (2010). Business Process Transformation Framework. Pridobljeno september 10, 2010, od Van Belle, J.-P. (2007). Evaluation of Selected Enterprise Models. Reference Modeling for Business Systems Analysis (str ). Hershey, London Van Der Aalst, W. M. P., Dreiling, A., Gottschalk, F., Rosemann, M., & Jansen-Vullers, M. H. (2006). Configurable Process Models as a Basis for Reference Modeling. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Let. 3812/2006, str ). Predstavljeno na Workshop on Business Process Reference Models (BPRM 2005), Nancy, France Van der Merwe, A., & Kotze, P. (2009). A systematic approach for the identification of process reference models. Predstavljeno na IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering, IASTED 2009, Innsbruck Van Dongen, B. F., & Jansen-vullers, M. H. (2005). EPC Verification in the ARIS for MySAP reference model database. BETA Working Paper Series (str 142). Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology Winter, R. (1994). Formalised conceptual models as a foundation of information systems development. ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP APPROACH - ER 94, 881, Yin, R. K. (2002). Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Third Edition, Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol 5 (3rd iz.). Sage Publications, Inc. 20
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