Sri Nugroho MARSOEM*, Joko Sulistyo, Vendy Eko Prasetyo, Puput Prasetyo. (Fac. of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada)

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1 Sri Nugroho MARSOEM*, Joko Sulistyo, Vendy Eko Prasetyo, Puput Prasetyo (Fac. of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada)

2 Introduction The role of community forest as a source of woody material (forest products) is becoming more and more important. Various commercial as well as lesser used species are growing on the forest. Popohan (Buchanania arborescens (BL) BL) is one of the lesser used tree species found relatively a lot in the community forest but it is valued low. This is because the information related to the properties of the wood is still limited.

3 Objective The objective of this study is to collect information related to the properties of the wood in the stem of popohan trees and its variability.

4 Local & Botanical Name Popohan has various local name: Sparrow s mango (England) ; Cha muang and Luaet khwai (Thailand) Rengas laut (Malaysia) Divisio Sub Divisio Kelas Ordo Famili Genus Spesies : Spermatopyta : Angiospermae : Dicotyledoneae : Sapindales : Anarcadiaceae : Buchanania : Buchanania arborescens (BL) BL

5 Material & Method Trees of Popohan were obtained from the community forest in Wonolopo, Sanden, Jetis, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta province Located at 07 o 44'04" - 08 o 00'27 South and 110 o 12'34" o 31'08 East. Soil type : regosol Altitude: m a.s.l

6 aterial & Method Three healthy trees of popohan were firstly measured its girth at breast height and then felled. After felling the trees were then measured its height, and the free branch stem of the trees were then divided into three parts i.e bottom, middle, and top. Cell proportion, cell dimensions, physical and mechanical properties of the woodwere observed at each part as well as at different radial position of the stem. Physical and mechanical properties of the wood in each part of the stem were measured according to British Standard 373: Physical properties were measured continuously from pith to bark while mechanical were measured at three different radial position of the stem i.e near the pith, between pith and bark, Height and ( near the bark. Canopy DBH ( m) ( m) cm) Tree No Free Branch Height ( m)

7 Materials and Methods Mechanical Properties Free branch boles were bucked into three parts i.e. bottom, middle and top. All physical and mechanical properties were conducted following British Standard BS 373 in the air-dry condition. Physical Properties

8 Materials and Methods British Standard BS 373 in the air-dry condition. Mechanical properties N 6 5 Physical properties S N 1. Moisture Content & SG (2x2x2 cm) 2. Shrinkage & Swelling (2x2x4 cm) 2 1 S 3. CS // grain (2x2x8 cm) 4. CS grain (2x2x6 cm) 5. Bending (2x2x30 cm) 4 3

9 Results & Discussion Sapwood has a creamy pale color Heartwood with a reddish color can be easily distinguished from its sapwood

10 Anatomical Features of Popohan Wood Notes : 1 : Rays 2. Vessels 3. Parenchyma 4. Fiber

11 Transverse Section of Popohan

12 Anatomical Properties Parameter Significant Interaksi Aksial Radial Fiber Proportion 0,064 ns 0,031 * 0,000 ** Vessel Proportion 0,924 ns 0,261 ns 0,000 ** Rays Proportion 0,118 ns 0,057 * 0,003 ** Parenchyma Proportion 0,997 ns 0,175 ns 0,000 ** Fiber Length 0,962 ns 0,656 ns 0,000 ** Fiber Diameter 0,850 ns 0,150 ns 0,003 ** Lumina Diameter 0,914 ns 0,420 ns 0,031 * Cell Wall Thickness 0,361 ns 0,000 ** 0,000 **

13 Cell Proportion (%) Cell Proportion at Various Radial Position Cell Proportion Near Pith, Middle and Near Bark ,9 17, ,28-15,64-36,93-6, ,17-17,89 Serabut Pembuluh Jari-Jari Parenkim Jenis Sel Dekat Hati Tengah Dekat Kulit

14 Cell Proportion (%) Fiber and Rays Proportion at Axial Position Fiber and Rays Proportion at Axial Position ,99-2, ,58 8,79 Pangkal Tengah Ujung 0 Serabut Cel Type Jari-Jari

15 Fiber Dimension at Radial Position R ,55 19, ,79 1, ,29 8, ,85 10,95 Dekat Hati Tengah Dekat Kulit 0 Panjang Serat ¹ (x10 mm) Diameter Serat (µm) Tebal Dinding Serat ¹ (x10 µm) Diameter Lumen (µm) -Fiber Length 0,99 mm -Fiber Diameter 17,41 µm -Cell Wall Thickness 2.06 µm -Lumina Diameter 13,29 µm

16 Cell Wall Thickness (µm) Cell Wall Thickness at Axial Position Bottom, Middle and Top Pangkal Tengah Ujung ,44-1,

17 Statistical Analysis on Physical Properties Parameter Significant Interaction Axial Radial Green MC 0,948 ns 0,764 ns 0,005 ** Air Dry MC 0,543 ns 0,000 ** 0,019 * Green Specific Gravity 0,605 ns 0,004 ** 0,098 ns Air Dry SG 0,367 ns 0,001 ** 0,079 ns Oven Dry SG 0,345 ns 0,002 ** 0,048 ns Longitudinal Shrinkage Green AD 0,987 ns 0,775 ns 0,184 ns Tangential Shrinkage Green AD 0,716 ns 0,33 ns 0,367 ns Radial Shrinkage Green AD 0,976 ns 0,647 ns 0,971 ns Longitudinal Shrinkage Green OD 0,991 ns 0,928 ns 0,232 ns Tangential Shrinkage Green OD 0,126 ns 0,021 * 0,784 ns Radial Shrinkage Green OD 0,951 ns 0,516 ns 0,791 ns Longitudinal Swelling OD Green 0,991 ns 0,602 ns 0,255 ns Tangential Swelling OD Green 0,035 * 0,002 ** 0,484 ns Radial Swelling OD Green 0,944 ns 0,459 ns 0,841 ns

18 Moisture Content (%) Moisture Content and Specific Gravity Radial Distribution Characteristics at Popohan Stem MC & SG Radial Distribution of Popohan MC SG

19 SG & Cell Wall Thicness Fiber Proportion (x10² %) SG, Cell Wall Thickness, and Fiber Proportion at Axial Position ,84-12, ,17-2,04-1, BJ Segar Tebal Dinding Serat (µm) Proporsi Sel Serabut (x10² %) 0.00 Pangkal Tengah Ujung 0.54 SG, Cell Wall Thickness and Fiber Proportion at Axial Position

20 Statistical Analysis on Mechanical Properties Parameter Significant Interaksi Aksial Radial Stress at the Proportional Limit 0,551 ns 0,448 ns 0,697 ns Static Bending MoE 0,933 ns 0,874 ns 0,022 * Static Bending MoR 0,772 ns 0,582 ns 0,134 ns Compression Strength // Grain 0,332 ns 0,295 ns 0,332 ns Compression Strength Grain 0,586 ns 0,005 * 0,924 ns Tangential Surface Hardness 0,573 ns 0,601 ns 0,798 ns Radial Surface Hardness 0,383 ns 0,758 ns 0,588 ns Shearing Strength // Grain 0,657 ns 0,300 ns 0,877 ns

21 MoE (x10³ kg/cm²) Popohan as Compare to Other Species SG Relationship Between MoE and SG at Radial Position , , , ,82 Dekat Hati Tengah Dekat Kulit MoE BJ Species MoE (x10³ kg/cm²) SG Popohan (Buchanania arborescens (BL) BL) 60,3 0,48 Meranti Merah (Shore Stenoptera) 67 0,49 Kayu Hujan (Enggelhardia spicata Lechen ex Blume 68,8 0,46 Mendarahan (Myristica langipes Warb) 107 0,47

22 (kg/cm²) BJ Relationship Between Compression Strength and Specific Gravity at Axial Positions of Popohan Stem Wood Hubungan Tekan Tegak Lurus Serat Dengan BJ Kedudukan Aksial , Pangkal Tengah Ujung Species Tekan Tegak Lurus Serat BJ Segar 0.42 Compression Perpendicular to Grain (kg/cm²) Popohan (Buchanania arborescens (BL) BL) 127,39 0,48 Mendarahan (Myristica langipes Warb) 82,27 0,47 Kayu Hujan (Enggelhardia spicata Lechen ex Blume 75,84 0,46-0,47 0,76 BJ

23 Srain µm Popohan Trees with a High Growth Stress 3000 Growth Strain Radial Distribution at Popohan Stem Popohan1 Popohan2 Popohan Bark Pith Bark

24 CONCLUDING REMARKS Based on the value of Specific Gravity, Static Bending and Compression Strengths, popohan wood belong to strength class III IV. Axial and radial variation affect significantly on anatomical, physical as well as mechanical properties of popohan wood growing on Community forest in Bantul, Yogyakarta. Popohan has a high growth stress that caused severe defects in the timber

25 Arigato gozaimashita