Simplified Procedures for Water Examinations
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1 Manual of Water Supply Practices M12 Simplified Procedures for Water Examinations Sixth Edition
2 Contents Figures, ix Tables, xi Foreword, xiii Acknowledgments, xv Chapter 1 Water Quality Laboratory Introduction, 1 Laboratory Procedures, 1 Sampling Techniques, 2 Using the Metric System, 5 Working with Chemicals, 6 Safety Procedures, 7 Equipment, 14 Record Keeping, 35 Quality Assurance and Quality Control, 37 Chapter 2 Alkalinity Purpose of Test, 49 List of Simplified Methods, 49 Sample Collection/Preservation, 49 Simplified Procedure, 50 Waste Handling, 52 Chapter 3 Aluminum Purpose of Test, 53 List of Simplified Methods, 53 Sample Collection/Preservation, 54 Simplified Procedure, 54 Waste Handling, 55 Chapter 4 Ammonia Nitrogen Purpose of Test, 57 List of Simplified Methods, 58 Sample Collection/Preservation, 58 Simplified Procedures, 58 Waste Handling, 60 Chapter 5 Calcium Carbonate Saturation Purpose of Test, 61 List of Simplified Methods, 61 Sample Collection/Preservation, 61 Simplified Procedure, 62 Waste Handling, 63 Chapter 6 Carbon Dioxide (Free) Purpose of Test, 65 List of Simplified Methods, 65 Sample Collection/Preservation, 66 Simplified Procedure, 67 Waste Handling, 70 iii
3 SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURES FOR WATER EXAMINATION Chapter 7 Chlorine Demand Purpose of Test, 71 List of Simplified Methods, 71 Sample Collection/Preservation, 71 Simplified Procedure, 72 Waste Handling, 74 Chapter 8 Chlorine Dioxide Purpose of Test, 75 List of Simplified Methods, 75 Sample Collection/Preservation, 76 Simplified Procedures, 76 Waste Handling, 81 Chapter 9 Chlorine Residual (General) Purpose of Test, 83 List of Simplified Methods, 84 Sample Collection/Preservation, 84 Simplified Procedures, 84 Waste Handling, 94 Chapter 10 Chlorophyll-a Purpose of Test, 95 List of Simplified Methods, 96 Sample Collection/Preservation, 96 Simplified Procedure, 96 Waste Handling, 103 Chapter 11 Coliform Organisms Purpose of Test, 105 List of Simplified Methods, 105 Sample Collection/Preservation, 106 Simplified Procedures, 107 Total Coliform, 109 Colisure Method, 113 Fecal Coliform/Confirmation Techniques, 115 Waste Handling, 115 Chapter 12 Color Purpose of Test, 117 List of Simplified Methods, 117 Sample Collection/Preservation, 118 Simplified Procedures, 118 Waste Handling, 121 Chapter 13 Conductivity Purpose of Test, 123 List of Simplified Methods, 124 Sample Collection/Preservation, 124 Simplified Procedure, 124 Waste Handling, 126 Chapter 14 Dissolved Oxygen Purpose of Test, 127 List of Simplified Methods, 127 iv
4 CONTENTS Sample Collection/Preservation, 127 Simplified Procedures, 128 Waste Handling, 131 Chapter 15 Field and Online Monitoring Quality Control Purpose of Quality Control, 133 List of Simplified Methods, 133 Sample Collection/Preservation, 134 Simplified Quality Control Plan, 134 Waste Handling, 135 Chapter 16 Fluoride Purpose of Test, 137 List of Simplified Methods, 137 Sample Collection/Preservation, 137 Simplified Procedure, 138 Waste Handling, 145 Chapter 17 Hardness Purpose of Test, 147 List of Simplified Methods, 147 Sample Collection/Preservation, 147 Simplified Procedures, 147 Waste Handling, 153 Chapter 18 Heterotrophic Bacteria Purpose of Test, 155 List of Simplified Methods, 156 Sample Collection/Preservation, 156 Simplified Procedures, 157 Waste Handling, 165 Chapter 19 Iron Purpose of Test, 167 List of Simplified Methods, 167 Sample Collection/Preservation, 168 Simplified Procedure, 168 Waste Handling, 170 Chapter 20 Jar Tests Purpose of Test, 171 List of Simplified Methods, 172 Simplified Procedures, 172 Waste Handling, 177 Chapter 21 Manganese Purpose of Test, 179 List of Simplified Methods, 179 Sample Collection/Preservation, 180 Simplified Procedures, 180 Waste Handling, 182 Chapter 22 Nitrate Purpose of Test, 183 List of Simplified Methods, 183 Sample Collection/Preservation, 183 v
5 SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURES FOR WATER EXAMINATION Simplified Procedures, 184 Waste Handling, 187 Chapter 23 Nitrite Purpose of Test, 189 List of Simplified Methods, 189 Sample Collection/Preservation, 189 Simplified Procedures, 190 Waste Handling, 192 Chapter 24 Odor Purpose of Test, 193 List of Simplified Methods, 193 Sample Collection/Preservation, 194 Simplified Procedure, 194 Waste Handling, 196 Chapter 25 Ozone (Residual) Purpose of Test, 197 List of Simplified Methods, 197 Sample Collection/Preservation, 197 Simplified Procedure, 198 Waste Handling, 200 Chapter 26 ph Purpose of Test, 201 List of Simplified Methods, 201 Sample Collection/Preservation, 201 Simplified Procedure, 202 Waste Handling, 203 Chapter 27 Phosphate Purpose of Test, 205 List of Simplified Methods, 205 Sample Collection/Preservation, 206 Simplified Procedures, 206 Waste Handling, 212 Chapter 28 Silica Purpose of Test, 213 List of Simplified Methods, 213 Sample Collection/Preservation, 213 Simplified Procedure, 214 Waste Handling, 216 Chapter 29 Sodium Purpose of Test, 217 List of Simplified Methods, 217 Sample Collection/Preservation, 217 Simplified Procedure, 218 Waste Handling, 219 Chapter 30 Solids (Dissolved) Purpose of Test, 221 List of Simplified Methods, 221 Sample Collection/Preservation, 221 vi
6 CONTENTS Simplified Procedure, 222 Waste Handling, 223 Chapter 31 Sulfate Purpose of Test, 225 List of Simplified Methods, 225 Sample Collection/Preservation, 225 Simplified Procedure, 226 Waste Handling, 228 Chapter 32 Sulfide (Total) Purpose of Test, 229 List of Simplified Methods, 229 Sample Collection/Preservation, 229 Simplified Procedures, 230 Waste Handling, 234 Chapter 33 Temperature Purpose of Test, 235 List of Simplified Methods, 235 Simplified Procedure, 235 Waste Handling, 237 Chapter 34 Turbidity Purpose of Test, 239 List of Simplified Methods, 239 Sample Collection and Storage, 240 Simplified Procedure, 240 Waste Handling, 242 Chapter 35 UV-Absorbing Organic Constituents (UV-254) Purpose of Test, 243 List of Simplified Methods, 244 Sample Collection/Preservation, 244 Simplified Procedure, 244 Waste Handling, 247 Appendix A Sampling Guidance: Containers, Preservatives, and Holding Times For Selected Parameters Appendix B Preparation of Common Types of Reagents and Solutions Appendix C Safe Storage of Laboratory Chemicals Appendix D List of Compounds Appendix E References and Other Sources of Information Glossary of Terms, 273 Index, 277 vii
7 Foreword This publication is the sixth edition and the fourth revision of the original American Water Works Association (AWWA) Manual M12, Simplified Procedures for Water Examination Laboratory. The original manual, published in 1964, was revised in 1975, with a supplement on instrumental methods added in A complete revision was done in 1997 and updated in This 2014 edition includes basic quality control and disposal guidance that may be superseded by local or state regulations. The appendices were updated to include containers, preservatives, and holding times. The original goal for the manual to provide operators with simplified procedures for tests commonly needed for process control in drinking water production remains the same. Monitoring plant processes through reliable, reproducible analyses enables plant operators to evaluate and optimize those processes to produce the highest possible quality drinking water. The manual has been rewritten to include new and updated methods, laboratory equipment, safety procedures, and disposal guidelines. AWWA does not intend to recommend any one manufacturer, as most kits are available from a variety of manufacturers. This manual contains basic information on quantitative analysis, but beginners in the laboratory can gain helpful training from additional resources, such as short courses offered by state departments of health, AWWA sections, and chemical or equipment suppliers. Such classroom instruction, demonstrations by experienced teachers, and supervised laboratory work provide valuable additions to independent reading and practice. The methods in this manual are simplified methods, and it is important to note when more sophisticated methods may be required for compliance monitoring. This manual is not designed to replace Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. M12 may serve as a tool to acquire laboratory skills that will eventually facilitate the use of Standard Methods. Refer to Standard Methods for more information on methods and water quality. The methods included in M12 are based on the presumption of high-quality water of known and relatively constant composition. State health departments or other regulatory agencies that conduct bacteriological and chemical analyses of drinking waters should be consulted for advice of the applicability of methods to your situation. Some source waters may require the more complicated procedures from Standard Methods. Please note that there is a warning section for each procedure to ensure the applicability of the method. Appendix A provides information regarding containers, recommended minimum volumes, preservation, and maximum holding times. These may be superseded by local or state regulations. Appendix B provides directions for the preparation of common types of reagents. Appendix C provides information on the safe storage of chemicals. A list of the compounds identified in this manual is available in Appendix D. References are presented in Appendix E with a glossary and periodic table at the end of the manual. If you have any comments or questions about this manual, please the AWWA Engineering and Technical Service support group at ETSsupport@awwa.org. xiii
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