University of Minnesota: Intermediate Wheatgrass Agronomics Charles Frahm November 28, 2016
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1 University of Minnesota: Intermediate Wheatgrass Agronomics Charles Frahm November 28, 2016
2 Intermediate Wheatgrass at University of Minnesota Groups Developing IWG Plant Breeding Genomics Economics Agronomy Food Science
3 Agronomy Collaborators at UMN UMN Agronomy Dept. faculty: Drs. Craig Sheaffer, Jim Anderson, Nancy Ehlke, M. Scotty Wells, Don Wyse UMN Postdocs: Drs. Jacob Jungers, Xiaofei Zhang UMN technicians: Kevin Betts, Brett Heim, Joshua Larson, Donn Vellekson Graduate Students: Charles Frahm and Kayla Altendorf
4 Forever Green Agriculture Initiative Develop perennial and winter annual species for commercial utilization Promote sustainable practices Improve condition of vital resources Provide economic opportunities to growers UMN/Forevergreen.edu
5 UMN/Forevergreen.edu Forever Green Crops Winter Annuals Camelina Pennycress Cover crops (Hairy Vetch) Perennials American Hazelnut Native plants Sunflower Intermediate Wheatgrass!!!
6 Intermediate Wheatgrass Agronomy Maximizing grain yields 1. Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for grain yield 2. Optimum row spacing for grain yield 3. Optimum harvest timing and techniques for grain yield and quality 1. When is the optimum time to harvest? How do we determine that time? 2. Should Kernza be direct combined or swathed? Economic Viability 1. Dual-use cropping system potential
7 Roseau/LOW St. Paul Rosemount
8 Nitrogen Fertilizer Plays a role in nearly every plant process New growth Structural maintenance Defense Nitrogen fertilizer promotes higher grain yields and biomass productivity in crops
9 Effect of N Source and Rate on IWG Yield Whole plot Treatments: N source: Composted turkey manure and ammonium nitrate Split plot factor: N rate: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 kg N / ha Measured: Grain Yield Biomass (Straw) Yield Lodging Split-split plot factor: Row spacing: 6 or 24 rows
10 Perennials Improve Water Quality Soil water nitrate (mg l 1 ) Corn Kernza Switchgrass 0 Jun Jul Aug Date Sep Oct Adapted by Jungers, 2016
11 Fall Seeded (2011) Spring Seeded (2012) Determine AONR for Kernza yield 1250 South South 2014 South 2015 Grain yield (kg ha -1 ) South xlocations 2013 North 2013 x Grain yield (kg ha -1 ) Rush IWG South locations 2013 Kernza Crookston Lamberton Morris Roseau Waseca N fertilizer 250 rate (kg N ha -1 ) N fertilizer rate (kg ha -1 ) N fertilizer rate (kg ha -1 ) x Rush IWG Kernza North 2014 North 2015 x x Adapted from Jungers, 2015
12 Determine AONR for Kernza Grain Yield AONR (lb N a -1 ) Yield (lb N a -1 ) AONR (lb N a -1 ) Yield (lb N a -1 ) AONR (lb N a -1 ) Yield (lb N a -1 ) South NA NA North
13 lodging Lodging Score lodging Nitrogen Fertilizer and Lodging Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate (kg ha -1 ) N fertilizer N fertilizer rate rat (k Adapted from Jungers 2016
14 Mature Lodged Grain
15 Lodging at Anthesis June 20 July 25
16 Nitrogen Fertilizer and Lodging N Adapted from Jungers 2015
17 Intermediate Wheatgrass Agronomy Maximizing grain yields 1. Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for grain yield 2. Optimum row spacing for grain yield 3. Optimum harvest timing and techniques for grain yield and quality 1. When is the optimum time to harvest? How do we determine that time? 2. Should Kernza be direct combined or swathed? Economic Viability 1. Dual-use cropping system potential
18 Effect of row spacing on grain yield Whole plot treatments: Row spacing: 6, 12, 18, 24, or 30 rows Split plot treatments: Seed rate: 6 or 12 lbs PLS/acre Locations: Roseau and Lake of the Woods, MN Planted September 2014 Harvested August 17-19, 2015 Measured: Grain and Biomass Yield
19 Row Spacing (6, 12 &24 ) St. Paul April, 30
20 Row Spacing and Lodging N Adapted from Jungers 2015
21 Row Spacing and Lodging + N Adapted from Jungers 2015
22 Effect of Row Spacing on Grain Yield
23 Lodging Effect of Row Spacing on Lodging No spring cut Spring cut 8 6 Higher incidence of lodging at narrow row spacing Row space (inches)
24 Intermediate Wheatgrass Agronomy Maximizing grain yields 1. Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for grain yield 2. Optimum row spacing for grain yield 3. Optimum harvest timing and techniques for grain yield and quality 1. When is the optimum time to harvest? How do we determine that time? 2. Should Kernza be direct combined or swathed? Economic Viability 1. Dual-use cropping system potential
25 Harvest Timing June 21, 2015 July 27, 2015 August 12, 2015
26 Harvest Timing Changes in % moisture
27 Harvest Timing Methods Using 100 seeds from the 6 samples harvested at each plot Wet and dry weights. Goal is to determine physiological maturity 2 Locations (20 min proximity to campus) St. Paul, MN Rosemount, MN 14-20% moisture at harvest
28 Harvest Method Swathing Direct Combine
29 Intermediate Wheatgrass Agronomy Maximizing grain yields 1. Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for grain yield 2. Optimum row spacing for grain yield 3. Optimum harvest timing and techniques for grain yield and quality 1. When is the optimum time to harvest? How do we determine that time? 2. Should Kernza be direct combined or swathed? Economic Viability 1. Dual-use cropping system potential
30 Intermediate Wheatgrass Dual-Use Component Sod-forming perennial grass Was originally domesticated as a cool-season forage species. Photo by: Lee DeHaan Salina, KS
31 Dual-Use Intermediate Wheatgrass for Grain and Forage use Additional revenue stream for growers $$$ High nutritive value forage Grazing IWG as additional feed source
32 Seasonal Grain and Forage Opportunities Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring forage harvest (April) Summer grain harvest (Aug) Fall forage harvest (Oct)
33 Effect of seasonal defoliation and row spacing on grain yield Whole plot treatments: Hand Defoliation Control no defoliation Spring cut (vegetative stage) Fall cut (8 weeks after grain harvest) Both spring and fall cutting Split plot: Row spacing Row spacing: 6 12 or 24 rows Measured Grain Yield Biomass Yield Forage Quality
34 Effect of seasonal defoliation on grain yield May 13, 2015
35 Fall Forage Yields September 3, 2015 November 3, 2015
36 4 Average Forage Yield (ton/acre) Spring Fall
37 Forage Quality Relative feed value (RFV): index to assess quality, compare forage varieties, and price forages. 180 RFV % spring forage fall forage
38 Grain Yield (lb/acre) Grain Yield Persistence control fall spring spring & fall
39 Future work Agronomics: Effects of livestock grazing on IWG grain yields Crop Rotations that work with IWG
40 Grazing Study Initiated this Fall Minnesota Wisconsin Michigan
41 Rotational strip grazing. Weigh livestock before and after exposure to IWG. Assess forage quality Mob graze to measure effect on subsequent IWG grain yields.
42 Questions? Funders: Minnesota Department of Agriculture - Forever Green Initiative - The Mallone Family Foundation and TLI - Perennial Agriculture Program USDA NIFA -
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