Drug Authentication & Preformulation Study

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Spencer Neal
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1 Drug Authentication & Preformulation Study

3 5.1.Drug Authentication: Certificate of Analysis : Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 86

4 Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 87

5 Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 88

6 Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 89

5.1.2. Identification and authentication of Macrolide antibiotics: 5.1.2.1. Differential scanning calorimetric studies: Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses of the

Kyoto, Japan). Samples (of 3-7 mg) were heated under nitrogen atmosphere on an aluminum pan at a heating rate of 10 C/min over the temperature range of 20-350 o C.

7 Identification and authentication of Macrolide antibiotics: Differential scanning calorimetric studies: Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses of the samples were carried out by using differential scanning calorimeter equipped with computer analyzer (Shimadzu TA 60 differential scanning calorimeter, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). Samples (of 3-7 mg) were heated under nitrogen atmosphere on an aluminum pan at a heating rate of 10 C/min over the temperature range of o C. Azithromycin Figure:5.1.DSC spectra of Azithromycin. Clarithromycin: Figure:5.2.DSC spectra of Clarithromycin. Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 90

8 Roxithromycin: Figure:5.3.DSC spectra of Roxithromycin. Erythromycin: Figure:5.4.DSC spectra of Erythromycin. Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 91

9 Chapter 5: Drug authentication and Preformulation study FTIR Spectra of macrolide antibiotics: FTIR spectra of the macrolide antibiotics were recorded on Shimadzu FT IR 8400 spectrophotometer. Potassium bromide pellet method was employed and background spectrum was recorded under identical situation. Each spectrum was derived from single average scans collected in the region cm -1 at spectral resolution of 2 cm -2 and ratioed against background interferogram. Spectra were analyzed by software supplied by Shimadzu. Azithromycin: 100 %T Azi 8-Azi Figure:5.5.FTIR spectra of Azithromycin. Clarithromycin: 1/cm 100 %T Clari Figure:5.6.FTIR spectra of Clarithromycin. 1/cm Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 92

10 Chapter 5: Drug authentication and Preformulation study Roxithromycin: 100 %T ROX Figure:5.7.FTIR spectra of Roxithromycin. Erythromycin: 1/cm 100 %T Ery 8- ERY Figure:5.8.FTIR spectra of Erythromycin. 1/cm Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 93

$Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of macrolide antibiotics: Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were traced employing X-ray diffractometer (Philips PW 1729, Analytical XRD,$ $The samples were analyzed over 2 range of 5.010-39.990 o with scanning step size of 0.020 o (2 ) and scan step time of one second. Azithromycin: Figure:5.9. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of Azithromycin.$

11 Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of macrolide antibiotics: Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were traced employing X-ray diffractometer (Philips PW 1729, Analytical XRD, Holland) for the samples using Ni filtered CuK(α) radiation (intensity ratio(α 1 / α 2 ): 0.500), a voltage of 40 KV, a current of 30 ma and receiving slit of 0.2 inches. The samples were analyzed over 2 range of o with scanning step size of o (2 ) and scan step time of one second. Azithromycin: Figure:5.9. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of Azithromycin. Clarithromycin: Figure:5.10. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of Clarithromycin. Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 94

$Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of Roxithromycin.$ $Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of Erythromycin.$

12 Roxithromycin: Figure:5.11. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of Roxithromycin. Erythromycin: Figure:5.12. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of Erythromycin. Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 95

13 Particle shape of macrolide antibiotics by Scanning electron microscopy: The surface topography and type of crystals of macrolide antibiotics were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscopy. Figure: SEM of raw crystals of macrolide antibiotics Discussion: Figure: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 represent the DSC curve of Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin and Erythromycin respectively. The obtained DSC curve shows sharp endothermic peak at C, C, C and C indicating its melting points which was similar as mentioned in literature. Figure 5.5, 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8 represent the FTIR spectra of Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin and Erythromycin respectively. The principal or characteristic FTIR peak of Azithromycin (1721, 1188, 1052cm -1.), Clarithromycin (1734, 1692, 1108, 1170, 1052cm -1.), Roxithromycin (2968 cm 1, 1726 cm 1) and Erythromycin (1715cm 1, 2968) have been observed in their respective FTIR spectra indicating their chemistry and identification of macrolide antibiotics. Figure 5.9, 5.10, 5.11 and 5.12 represent the XRPD spectra of Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin and Erythromycin respectively. Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 96

14 The observed XRPD spectra of macrolide antibiotics show the crystalline behavior of macrolide antibiotics with intense and large number of peaks. According to the characterization study of taken macrolide antibiotic it can be concluded that they shows similar melting point, FTIR spectra and XRD peaks indicating their authentication and hence use in present research work. Figure: 5.13 represent the crystal shape of the used macrolide antibiotics in the present research work. According to the SEM observation of macrolide antibiotics the obtained shape of all macrolide antibiotics were irregular stone shaped. Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 97

15 5.2. Preformulation study: Preformulation studies are the first step in the rational development of dosage form of a drug substance. The objective of preformulation studies is to develop a portfolio of information about the drug substance, so that this information can be used to develop formulation. Preformulation can be defined as investigation of physical and chemical properties of drug substance alone and when combined with excipient.preformulation investigations are designed to identify those physicochemical properties of drug substances and excipients that may influence the formulation design, method of manufacture, and pharmacokineticbiopharmaceutical properties of the resulting product(1). Preformulation studies are multistep processes, which are essential to develop a safe and effective drug product. Preformulation studies are designed to deliver the physicochemical data of drug substances, excipients and packaging material either alone or in combinations 1. The ideal preformulation program gives a clue to the formulation scientist to select proper excipients and facilitates for rapid development of a formulation. According to the Product Quality Research Division (PQRD) of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the goal of preformulation is to investigate critical physicochemical factors which assure identity, purity of drug substances, formulatability, product performance and quality. Preformulation commences when newly synthesized drug shows sufficient pharmacological activity in animal models to warrant evaluation in man. Prior to starting preformulation studies, the preformulation scientist should meet the principle investigator of drug development to obtain known properties of the compound (2). Steps involved in preformulation studies (3) I. Physicochemical properties of the drug substance Solubility studies Salt screening pka determination Partition coefficient, hydrophilicity and lipophilicity Crystallization studies (impact on amorphous state, particle shape, size and brittleness) Polymorphism studies identification, screening, relative stability (enantiotropy/ monotropy), process design and scale-up to ensure robustness of the obtained polymorphic form, dosage and method of mixture II. Stability data Chemical stability (accelerated and stress studies) Thermal properties Hygroscopicity (storage conditions) Excipients and packaging compatibility studies III. Early stage formulation Design composition and form according to specifications, dose and bioavailability Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 98

16 Solubility study: An excess amount of macrolide antibiotics ( 100mg) like Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin and Roxithromycin was added separately in screw capped four test tubes with fixed volume (20 ml) of distilled water. The resulting suspension was treated at room temperature with 100 rpm in incubator shaker. Samples were with drawn after 48 hrs and filtered through 0.2 filters. 5 ml of filtrate from dispersion of above macrolide antibiotics in water after 48 hr was diluted to 60ml with 0.1N HCl, adjusted the ph 6 to 7 by adding 0.4M NaOH solution and made up the volume up to 100ml with distilled water. Take 1ml form the above solution diluted to 7 ml with the distilled water in 10 ml volumetric flask to it add Eosin Y solution (4 X 10-3 M) For Azithromycin-0.5ml,Clarithromycin- 1.2ml,Roxithromycin-0.7ml and Erythromycin-0.7ml, mix then well to it added 1 ml 0.4M acetate buffer (ph 3) adjust the volume up to 10ml with distilled water. The absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 544.5nm, 542.5nm, 545nm, 547nm for Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin respectively against an appropriate blank prepared simultaneously. Solubility of azithromycin in different solvents was determined either from the calibration graph or using the corresponding regression equation Density and Flowability: The loose bulk density (LBD) and tapped bulk densities (TBD) were determined by using Density apparatus (Serwell, Bangalore, India). The Carr s index (%) and the Hausner s ratio were then calculated by using LBD and TBD. The angles of repose of drug powder were assessed by fixed funnel method. The Carr index reflects the compressibility of the agglomerates, and there is a correlation between the compressibility index and the flowability of the spherical agglomerates. The angle of repose was measured by a fixed funnel method. The results presented are mean value of three determinations (5) Particle size distribution: Size of the particle and their distributions was determined by simply sieve analysis. Now with the help of Ro-Tap sieve shaker particle size analysis can be determined. In advance technology image-analyzer is used to determined size and volume of the particle (6). Procedure: Sieve no. 22, 30, 60, 80,120 and 150 were used for paricle size distribution study. 10gm of sample powder was placed on the top of upper sieve and shaker (Erweka vibration sieve Erweka Apparatebau, Heusenstamm, Germany) was allowed to vibrate was 200 strokes/min and the sieving time was 10 min. Fraction retained on each sieve was weighed and expressed in mass percentages Drug-Excipients Compatibility Studies Conventional pharmaceutical excipients at typical levels were selected for the manufacture of recrystallized agglomerates and their tablet dosage form. Drug- Excipient compatibility studies were performed using macrolide antibiotics and individual excipients. This study was conducted to determine the possible interaction between the API and excipients in 1:5 ratio (For Diluents) and 5: 1 ratio (for other excipients).prepare the drug:excipient blends in the mentioned ratio. The blends were stored at 40 C/75% RH and 60 C in glass vial. Samples were analyzed for Description, drug content and water after 2 and 4 week time interval for 60 C and 40 C/75%RH. The results are summarized in the table: (7). Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 99

17 Table: 5.1. Physicochemical properties in preformulation study of Macrolide antibiotics. Sr.No Parameters Observation ATM CTM RTM ETM 1 Solubility (mg/ml) Bulk density (gm/ml) Tapped density (gm/ml) Granular density (gm/ml) True density (gm/ml) Angle of Repose Compressibility Index Hausner s Ratio Water content Melting Point: Specific rotation( 0 ) ph of the solution in water LOD (%w/w) Particle size distribution % Commulative Retained on sieve # # # # # # Below # Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 100

18 Table: 5.2. Drug excipients compatibility study in glass vials at 60 0 C. (Azithromycin) Glass vials (60 0 C ± 2 0 C) Sr.No Drug + Excipient Ratio Initial 2 Weeks 4 Weeks Assay W C Assay WC Assay W C 1. Azithromycin Azithromycin + Lactose 1: Azithromycin + DCP 1: Azithromycin + PGS 1 : Azithromycin + MCC 1 : Azithromycin + CCS 5: Azithromycin + Mg.St 5 : Azithromycin + SLS 5 : Azithromycin + TiO2 5 : Azithromycin + HPC 5 : Azithromycin + PVP 5 : Azithromycin + PEG 5 : Azithromycin + Aerosil 5 : Azithromycin + Stearic acid 5 : Azithromycin Talc 5 : Azithromycin + Carbopol 5 : Azithromycin + GM 5 : Azithromycin + Silica 5: Azithromycin + EC 5 : Azithromycin + HPMC 5 : Azithromycin + Eudragit 5 : Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 101

19 Table: 5.3. Drug excipients compatibility study in glass vials at 40 0 C + 75% RH. (Azithromycin) Glass vial (40 0 C Temp + 75% RH) Sr.No Drug + Excipient Ratio Initial 2 Weeks 4 Weeks Assay W C Assay WC Assay W C 1. Azithromycin Azithromycin + Lactose 1: Azithromycin + DCP 1: Azithromycin + PGS 1 : Azithromycin + MCC 1 : Azithromycin + CCS 5: Azithromycin + Mg.St 5 : Azithromycin + SLS 5 : Azithromycin + TiO2 5 : Azithromycin + HPC 5 : Azithromycin + PVP 5 : Azithromycin + PEG 5 : Azithromycin + Aerosil 5 : Azithromycin + Stearic acid 5 : Azithromycin Talc 5 : Azithromycin + Carbopol 5 : Azithromycin + GM 5 : Azithromycin + Silica 5: Azithromycin + EC 5 : Azithromycin + HPMC 5 : Azithromycin + Eudragit 5 : Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 102

20 Table: 5.4. Drug excipients compatibility study in glass vials at 60 0 C: (Clarithromycin) Sr.No Drug + Excipient Ratio Glass vials (60 0 C ± 2 0 C) Initial 2 Weeks 4 Weeks Assay W C Assay WC Assay W C 1. Clarithromycin Clarithromycin + Lactose 1: Clarithromycin + DCP 1: Clarithromycin + PGS 1 : Clarithromycin + MCC 1 : Clarithromycin + CCS 1 : Clarithromycin + Mg.St 5 : Clarithromycin + SLS 5 : Clarithromycin + TiO2 5 : Clarithromycin + HPC 5 : Clarithromycin + PVP 5 : Clarithromycin + PEG 5 : Clarithromycin + Aerosil 5 : Clarithromycin + Stearic acid 5 : Clarithromycin Talc 5 : Clarithromycin + Carbopol 5 : Clarithromycin + GM 5 : Clarithromycin + Silica 5: Clarithromycin + EC 5 : 1 Clarithromycin + HPMC 5 : 1 Clarithromycin + Eudragit 5 : Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 103

21 Table: 5.5. Drug excipients compatibility study in glass vials at 40 0 C + 75% RH (Clarithromycin) Sr.No Drug + Excipient Ratio Glass vial (40 0 C Temp + 75% RH) Initial 2 Weeks 4 Weeks Assay W C Assay Desc Assay W C 1. Clarithromycin Clarithromycin + Lactose 1: Clarithromycin + DCP 1: Clarithromycin + PGS 1 : Clarithromycin + MCC 1 : Clarithromycin + CCS 1 : Clarithromycin + Mg.St 5 : Clarithromycin + SLS 5 : Clarithromycin + TiO2 5 : Clarithromycin + HPC 5 : Clarithromycin + PVP 5 : Clarithromycin + PEG 5 : Clarithromycin + Aerosil 5 : Clarithromycin + Stearic acid 5 : Clarithromycin Talc 5 : Clarithromycin + Carbopol 5 : Clarithromycin + GM 5 : Clarithromycin + Silica 5: Clarithromycin + EC 5 : 1 Clarithromycin + HPMC 5 : 1 Clarithromycin + Eudragit 5 : Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 104

22 Table: 5.6. Drug excipients compatibility study in glass vials at 60 0 C. (Roxithromycin) Sr.No Drug + Excipient Ratio Glass vials (60 0 C ± 2 0 C) Initial 2 Weeks 4 Weeks Assay W C Assay Desc Assay W C 1. Roxithromycin Roxithromycin + Lactose 1: Roxithromycin + DCP 1: Roxithromycin + PGS 1 : Roxithromycin + CCS 1 : Roxithromycin + MCC 1 : Roxithromycin + Mg.St 5 : Roxithromycin + SLS 5 : Roxithromycin + TiO2 5 : Roxithromycin + HPC 5 : Roxithromycin + PVP 5 : Roxithromycin + PEG 5 : Roxithromycin + Aerosil 5 : Roxithromycin + Stearic acid 5 : Roxithromycin Talc 5 : Roxithromycin + Carbopol 5 : Roxithromycin + GM 5 : Roxithromycin + Silica 5: Roxithromycin + EC 5 : 1 Roxithromycin + HPMC 5 : 1 Roxithromycin + Eudragit 5 : Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 105

23 Table: 5.7. Drug excipients compatibility study in glass vials at 40 0 C + 75% RH: (Roxithromycin) Sr.No Drug + Excipient Ratio Glass vial (40 0 C Temp + 75% RH) Initial 2 Weeks 4 Weeks Assay W C Assay Desc Assay W C 1. Roxithromycin Roxithromycin + Lactose 1: Roxithromycin + DCP 1: Roxithromycin + PGS 1 : Roxithromycin + CCS 1 : Roxithromycin + MCC 1 : Roxithromycin + Mg.St 5 : Roxithromycin + SLS 5 : Roxithromycin + TiO2 5 : Roxithromycin + HPC 5 : Roxithromycin + PVP 5 : Roxithromycin + PEG 5 : Roxithromycin + Aerosil 5 : Roxithromycin + Stearic acid 5 : Roxithromycin Talc 5 : Roxithromycin + Carbopol 5 : Roxithromycin + GM 5 : Roxithromycin + Silica 5: Roxithromycin + EC 5 : 1 Roxithromycin + HPMC 5 : 1 Roxithromycin + Eudragit 5 : Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 106

24 Table: 5.8.Drug excipients compatibility study in glass vials at 60 0 C. (Erythromycin) Glass vials (60 0 C ± 2 0 C) Sr.No Drug + Excipient Ratio Initial 2 Weeks 4 Weeks Assay W C Assay Desc Assay W C 1. Erythromycin Erythromycin + Lactose 1: Erythromycin + DCP 1: Erythromycin + PGS 1 : Erythromycin + CCS 1 : Erythromycin + MCC 1 : Erythromycin + Mg.St 5 : Erythromycin + SLS 5 : Erythromycin + TiO2 5 : Erythromycin + HPC 5 : Erythromycin + PVP 5 : Erythromycin + PEG 5 : Erythromycin + Aerosil 5 : Erythromycin + Stearic acid 5 : Erythromycin Talc 5 : Erythromycin + Carbopol 5 : Erythromycin + GM 5 : Erythromycin + Silica 5: Erythromycin + EC 5 : Erythromycin + HPMC 5 : Erythromycin + Eudragit 5 : Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 107

25 Table: 5.9. Drug excipients compatibility study in glass vials at 40 0 C + 75% RH. (Erythromycin) Glass vial (40 0 C Temp + 75% RH) Sr.No Drug + Excipient Ratio Initial 2 Weeks 4 Weeks Assay W C Assay Desc Assay W C 1. Erythromycin Erythromycin + Lactose 1: Erythromycin + DCP 1: Erythromycin + PGS 1 : Erythromycin + CCS 1 : Erythromycin + MCC 1 : Erythromycin + Mg.St 5 : Erythromycin + SLS 5 : Erythromycin + TiO2 5 : Erythromycin + HPC 5 : Erythromycin + PVP 5 : Erythromycin + PEG 5 : Erythromycin + Aerosil 5 : Erythromycin + Stearic acid 5 : Erythromycin Talc 5 : Erythromycin + Carbopol 5 : Erythromycin + GM 5 : Erythromycin + Silica 5: Erythromycin + EC 5 : Erythromycin + HPMC 5 : Erythromycin + Eudragit 5 : Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 108

26 Discussion and Conclusion: Physicochemical properties: Table: 5.1 represent the evaluated physicochemical properties of Macrolide antibiotics. All macrolide antibiotics show Compressibility Index in between 16-25, hausnar ratio above 1.2 and angle of repose around 40.The observed particle shape of all macrolide antibiotics by Scanning electron microscopy shows irregular stone shaped crystals. The data obtained indicate that the macrolide antibiotics used in the study have poor flowability. The saturation solubility study shows that azithromycin is slightly more soluble in water comparative to other macrolide antibiotics.the order of solubility of macrolide antibiotics is ATM>ETM>RTM>CTM.The particle size distribution data revealed that above 60% of all macrolide antibiotics were retained on sieve no #120. The other evaluation parameters like water content, melting point, specific rotation, ph of the solution and LOD also complies with the obtained CoA of respective macrolide antibiotics Drug excipients compatibility study: Figure: 5.2, 5.3 represent the azithromycin: excipients compatibility data in glass vials at 60 0 C and 40 0 C ± 75% RH respectively. Figure: 5.4, 5.5 represent the clarithromycin: excipients compatibility data in glass vials at 60 0 C and 40 0 C ± 75% RH respectively. Figure: 5.6, 5.7 represent the roxithromycin: excipients compatibility data in glass vials at 60 0 C and 40 0 C ± 75% RH respectively. Figure: 5.8, 5.9 represent the erythromycin: excipients compatibility data in glass vials at 60 0 C and 40 0 C ± 75% RH respectively. There was no significant change observed in the description, water content and drug content in all the samples at both the conditions. At 40 C/75% RH, higher level of water content was observed which was also observed in API, indicates that API should be protected from higher humidity. The observed data indicate that all the macrolide antibiotics used in the study are compatible with the used inactive ingredients (excipients) References: cals/pre_formulation_studies. 3. C. Evelyne (2004) Preformulation and Formulation Development as Tools for a Good Balance Between Time Constraints and Risks, Business Briefing, Pharma Tech, 2004, L. Leon and H.A. Lieberman. (1986) Preformulation In: The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy, 3rd ed, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. p VB Yadav, AV Yadav. Polymeric Recrystallized Agglomerates of Cefuroxime Axetil Prepared by Emulsion Solvent Diffusion Technique, Tr. J. Pharma. Res. August 2009; 8 (4): Yadav VB1, Yadav AV, Comparative Tabletting behavior of Carbamazepine granules with spherical agglomerated crystals prepared by spherical crystallization technique, Int.J.ChemTech Res. Vol.1, No.3, pp , July-Sept M.E.Aulton., Dosage form design and manufacture in Aultons pharmaceutics, the design and manufacture of medicine, International third edition, Churchill Livingstone, 2007.p.no Direct tabletting and BA improvements of MA by spherical crystallization tech. 109

Figure 4 DSC Thermogram of Paracetamol

Figure 4 DSC Thermogram of Paracetamol Preformulation studies DRUG IDENTIFICATION TESTS Determination of melting point(s) Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) was performed to determine the melting point of the dicyclomine and paracetamol.