Physiological effects of mechanized harvesting and ways to minimize its impacts

Transcription

1 8/3/218 Physiologil effets of mehnized hrvesting nd wys to minimize its impts S.R.W. Pthirnge 1, M.A. Wijertne 1 nd W.A.J.M. De Cost 2 1 Agronomy Division, Te Reserh Institute of Sri Lnk 2 Fulty of Agriulture, University of Perdeniy, Sri Lnk Introdution Pluking is lour intensive opertion o 6-7 % of field lour requirement o 35-4 % of the COP Estte workers tend to shift from te setor Severe lour shortge in te plnttions Unle to mintin proper pluking rounds Mehnil hrvesting ppers to e the lterntive 3-5% yield loss Higher orse lef perentges. 1

2 8/3/218 Introdution ont TRISL tested different mehnisms to overome yield loss Different ; ultivrs / fertilizer mixtures / pruning systems / ropping sesons / plnting systems / pluking systems / utting mehnisms / power soures / Zn nd other folir sprys / et. Work done in the pst Both 14 dy nd 21 dy mehnil pluking rounds yielded equl But very high fire ontent found in 21 dy round. Kwski (KW) (hir lipper / petrol) K-te (KT) (sikle shpe rotting ldes / ttery operted) Both mhines signifintly redued yield ompred to mnul 2

3 kg/h/yr (MT) 8/3/218 Work done in the pst ont Mnul nd mehnil hrvesting in different 35 te ultivrs 3 Mnul 25 Meh Te ultivr All the ultivrs redued yield signifintly (4%-7%) with mehnil hrvesting Use of mhines redued te yield No improvement in mehnil yield with different systems of hrvesting Work done in the pst ont Different plnting systems (distnes) tested 2 x 4 (ft)(1%) 2 x 3 x 5 (ft)(1%) 2 x 2 x 5 (ft)(114%) 3 x 1 x 5 (ft)(133%) All plnting distnes redued yield with mhines Effiieny of mhines inresed with hedge-row systems Different Fertilizer mixtures (K) nd Zn pplitions TRI; 336, 341, 347, 227 Yield redued with mhines ompred to mnul No improvement of mhine yields with fertilizers 3

4 8/3/218 Hrvesting methods tested Seletive methods 1 Non-seletive methods 3 Mnul hrvesting 7 dy intervl (Control) 2 4 Non-seletive hrvesting sher (NSHS) 14 dy intervl TRI Seletive hr. sher (TSHS) 7 dy intervl Motorized mehnil hrvester (MMH) 14 dy intervl Severity of hrvest inreses from 1 4 Impts of mehnil hrvesting Primry impts Seondry impts Bnji umultion Low DM prodution Lef / Stem Deplete Root strh Low lef thikness Low Shoot Wt. High Dmge 4

5 8/3/218 Removl of Arimu shoots Arimu Should e left Hrvestle Should e piked Mhine removes higher mount of Arimu shoots followed y shers nd mnul hrvesting. o o Removl of Arimus ( Sink ) ffets the lne etween Sink nd Soure. Affets the photosynthesis proess Removl of mintenne folige Mhine removes high mount of mintenne folige (Corse lef) o Top 1-15m lyer ontriutes out 8-9% of totl ssimiltion o Affets Sink:Soure lne nd Photosynthesis Exposing the lower lef lyers to diret sunlight o Het dmge nd photo-inhiitory mehnisms Espeilly under low ountry limti onditions 5

6 % COUNT % Removl (ount) of shoots 8/3/218 Severity of hrvesting Severity - Below Fish Lef d 5 Mnul TSHS NSHS MMH Method of hrvest Mhine exerts the highest severity (hrd pluking) o highest shoot ount piked elow fish lef - very hrd pluking Frequent hrd pluking redues growth nd yield Aumultion of Bnji shoots % Bnji left in the pluking tle Mnul TSHS NSHS MMH METHOD OF HARVEST Non-seletive hrvesting (Mhine & Non-seletive sher) regenertes & umultes more Bnjies o Bnjies tke 2-3 months to regrow ffets shoot density o Bnjies weigh 1-18% less thn tive shoots ffets verge shoot weight 6

7 Strh (%) Gin in girth (mm) g/ush 8/3/218 DM umultion & rnh girth Aumuliton of iomss Mnul TSHS NSHS MMH method of hrvest Development of the seondry rnhes Lef DW Stem DW Mnul THSH NSHS MMH Method of hrvest Non-seletive hrvesting ffets photosynthesis & development of vsulr undles o It lso ffets Crohydrte prodution & trnslotion pity Seletive hrvesting umultes higher DM ontent (stem nd leves) o It llows te nopy to grow & filittes prodution of greter mount of DM. Root strh reserves Redution in root strh Mnul TSHS NSHS MMH Mnul TSHS NSHS MMH Method of hrvest Non-seletive hrvesting redues root strh ontent o Affeted photosynthesis o Poor trnslotion pity o deplete root strh reserves, nd deteriorte ush helth 7

8 % g/shoot g/m2 8/3/218 Lef Thikness (SLW) 1 8 Lef thikness Mnul TSHS NSHS MMH Mnul TSHS NSHS MMH Method of hrvest Mhine redues lef thikness o Thinner leves redues photosyntheti pity Affets Rdition Use Effiieny nd Wter Use Effiieny Averge shoot weight nd dmged rop Averge weight of shoot hrvested Mnul TSHS NSHS MMH Method of hrvest Non-seletive hrvesting redued vg. shoot weight o Smller shoots in the hrvest % Dmge in hrvest d Mnul TSHS NSHS MMH Method of hrvest Mhine uses the highest dmge o Affet Qulity of the hrvested rop 8

9 Yield (g/ush/fortnight) kg/h/yr (MT) * * ** ** * ** ** * NS NS 8/3/218 Te Yield Mde Te Yield Mnul TSHS NSHS MMH Method of hrvest Non-seletive hrvesting redued te yield y out 3% 5 % Oserved ontinuous redution throughout the experimentl period Yield vrition with time Mnul TSHS R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R1 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R2 Time (fortnight) NSHS MMH Composition of the hrvested (mhine) Arimu removl doesn t show ny pttern with time. Dmge shoots eomes nerly onstnt t ltter stges The orse lef ontent eomes nerly onstnt t ltter stges 9

10 8/3/218 Mehnil impts on yield redution Arimu removl gives the gretest impt (55%) Summry Non-seletive mehnil hrvesting redues te yield. Removl of rimu nd mintenne folige dereses ssimiltion Wek frme redues trnslotion pity Low ssimiltion nd wek trnslotion pity redue root reserves. More njies re formed & umulted (njiness). Higher severity of hrvesting ggrvtes ush helth Yield omponents re dversely ffeted reduing yield 1

11 kg/h/yr (MT) kg/h/yr 8/3/218 Wy forwrd Mhines Vs. Mnul Extended rounds 14d-Mhine 14d-Mnul Method of hrvest (Soure: AR /98) Mhines during rush rop nd mnul during len months Cont Mnul Mnul & Rush- Meh Cont. Mhine Method of hrvest (Soure: AR: 1995) Extended mnul rounds (14 dy) yielded equl to mhine Both ontined 7% - 8% orse leves Use mhines only during high ropping months (rush rop) Yield loss is not onsiderle when mhines used only during the rush rop Wy forwrd Sort out the orse mteril efore proessing Minimize environmentl stresses drought, high temperture nd nutrient shortge (ZnSO 4 ) Operte mhines judiiously without utting deep into the pluking tle Avoid 2 psses in the sme lotion (minimize orse lef) 11

12 8/3/218 Wy forwrd. Rest efore pruning Avoid young fields Adopt Good Agriulture (GAP) & Introdue new tehnologies Iirrigtion REFER: GUIDELINES FOR USE OF MOTORIZED TEA HARVESTING MACHINES Issued in: July 213 Guideline No: 1/13 E nd 12