Growth of Sugar Beet as Affected by Diluted Sea Irrigation Water and Possible Enhancement of Salinity Stress Tolerance with KMP Foliar Fertilization

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1 Fruit, Vegetle nd Cerel Science nd Biotechnology Glol Science Books Growth of Sugr Beet s Affected y Diluted Se Irrigtion Wter nd Possile Enhncement of Slinity Stress Tolernce with KMP Folir Fertiliztion Mhmoud M. Shn * Mohmed M. Hussein Adel Krim M. El-Sdy Deprtment of Fertiliztion Technology, Ntionl Reserch Centre, Dokki, Ciro, Egypt Deprtment of Wter Reltions nd Irrigtion, Ntionl Reserch Centre, Dokki, Ciro, Egypt Corresponding uthor: * mshn@hotmil.com ABSTRACT A greenhouse pot experiment ws conducted with three commercil sugr eet vrieties Mrthon, Armure nd Frncesco to study the effect of diluted Red Se wter s irrigtion wter on the growth prmeters nd dry weight (DW) ccumultion, nd whether KMP folir fertiliztion would increse plnt tolernce to slinity stress. There were slight vritions in growth prmeters etween the three vrieties t either low or high slinity stress. Significnt differences were oserved in the root dimeter nd shoot nd root fresh weight (FW) nd shoot DW. Irrigtion with sline wter negtively ffected ll growth prmeters (shoot length, numer of leves/plnt, root length nd dimeter, FW nd DW). As the slinity of irrigtion wter incresed so growth prmeters decresed. KMP folir fertiliztion incresed the K concentrtion in the leves of treted plnts nd significntly incresed root dimeter nd the FW nd DW of roots nd shoots. Keywords: potssium folir nutrition, slinity tolernce increse INTRODUCTION Slinity is n iotic stress tht negtively ffects griculturl productivity the world over, especilly in rid nd semirid regions in the Ner Est nd North Afric. Slinity stress is proportionl to slt concentrtion in the irrigtion wter (Aou-Hdid ). Accumulted slts led finlly to growth reduction due to the osmotic potentil in the rootzone (Kchout et l. 9) which in turn result in reduced crop productivity. Overpopultion nd the incresed gp etween griculturl productivity nd food nd feed needs mndte finding new technologies tht reduce the hrmful effects of slinity nd increse production of unit res. Sugr eet is the second source for sugr production in Egypt. Sugr eet plnts hve the ility to tolerte moderte soil slinity stress (Adel-Mwly nd Znouny ). However, wter qulity nd nutrient lnce re still the mjor limiting fctors for crop production in most soils (El- Etreiy ; Etesmi et l. ). A high slt concentrtion in the root zone restricted K-uptke y the roots (Sheht et l. ; Lee et l. ) nd in turn, K content in shoots (Shn et l. 8). Becuse of its iochemicl role in sugr trnsport, studies hve mostly concentrted on the effect of K ppliction on the chemicl composition of sugr eet plnts grown under slinity stress conditions (El- Hrriri nd Gorh ; Khlil et l. ; Adel-Mwly nd Znouny ; Feckov et l. ). Since sline wter hs ecome n lterntive source for sugr eet irrigtion in newly reclimed soils, the present work imed t ssessing the growth of the most populr sugr eet vrieties in Egypt under diluted sewter irrigtion conditions nd whether their tolernce could e incresed y folir spry of potssium mono-phosphte fertilizer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A pot experiment ws conducted in the greenhouse of the Ntionl Reserch Centre, Ciro, Egypt during the winter seson of / 8, with three sugr eet (Bet vulgris L.) vrieties ( Mrthon, Armure nd Frncesco ) to evlute the influence of irrigtion with sline wter on growth prmeters nd whether supplementtion of KMP folir sprys could increse plnt resistnce to slinity. Cultivtion The experiment included tretments which were the comintion of four tretments of irrigtion y sline wter, three sugr eet vrieties nd two PK tretments. The experimentl design ws split-split plot in replictes. Ten metllic pots cm in dimeter nd cm deep were used. Ech pot contined Kg of ir-dried cly lom soil. The inner surfce of the pots ws coted with three lyers of itumen to prevent direct contct etween soil nd metl. Two kg of grvel (prticles out - cm in dimeter), were plced t the ottom llowing for the movement of wter from the se upwrd. Sugr eet seeds were sown on Decemer nd seedlings were thinned twice nd dys fter sowing, leving two plnts per pot. Fertiliztion Clcium super phosphte (.% P O ) nd potssium sulfte (8.% K O) t rte of. nd.g.pot -, respectively were dded efore sowing. Ammonium sulfte (.% N) t rte of.8g. pot - ws dded in two equl splits, the first t dys from sowing nd the second two weeks lter. Sugr eet vrieties Seeds of the three sugr eet vrieties Mrthon, Armure nd Frncesco were purchsed from the seed collection of the Agriculturl Reserch Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Giz, Egypt. Received: 8 Mrch,. Accepted: My,. Originl Reserch Pper

2 Fruit, Vegetle nd Cerel Science nd Biotechnology (Specil Issue ), 88-9 Glol Science Books Tretments ) Diluted Red sewter ws pplied t.,. nd. ds.m - s irrigtion wter. Chemicl composition of the originl se wter is shown in Tle. Slinity tretments were strted dys fter sowing, irrigtion once with diluted sewter nd next with tp wter (. ds.m - ), lterntively until hrvest. ) A potssium monophosphte spry ws pplied twice t mg.l -, dys fter sowing nd two weeks lter, in which the control plnts received the sme mount spryed, except tht tp wter ws used. Smpling nd nlysis Soil: A representtive soil smple ws tken from the experimentl units, ir dried, ground nd nlyzed ccording to the methods of Chpmn nd Prtt (98). The chemicl nd physicl properties of the soil re shown in Tle. Vegettive tissue: recent fully mture lef smples were tken. Smples were wshed with tp wter,. N HCl nd doule distilled wter, respectively, dried t C for hrs, weighed nd ground. A prt of the dry leves ws shed in Muffel furnce t C for hrs. The sh ws digested in N HNO nd the residue ws then suspended in. N HCl (Chpmn nd Prtt 98). Nutrient mesurements: Phosphorus ws photometriclly determined using the molydte-vndte method ccording to Jckson (9). Potssium, sodium nd clcium were mesured using Dr. Lng M8D flme-photometer. Mgnesium, Fe, Mn, Zn nd Cu were determined using n tomic sorption spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer B). Evlution of nutrient sttus: Soil nutrient concentrtions were evluted ccording to Ankermn nd Lrge (9). Growth prmeters studied The growth prmeters studied were shoot height, numer of green leves nd lef re. After plnts were hrvested, the prmeters determined were shoot nd root fresh weight (FW), nd shoot nd root dry weight (DW). Tle Chemicl composition of the originl Red Se wter. Slinity.% ph 8. Element Concentrtion (mg.l - ) N 9 Cl 9 Mg K C N P Trce Fe Trce Mn Trce Zn Trce Cu Trce B. Tle Chemicl nd physicl chrcteristics of the soil. Physicl chrcteristics Nutrient concentrtions ph 8. Exchngele mcronutrients (mg. g - soil) E.C. (ds.m - ).8 P.* CCO (%). K.9* O.M. (%).** Mg.* Snd (%). Aville micronutrients (mg.kg - soil) Silt (%) 8. Fe.* Cly (%) 8. Mn 9.* Texture: cly lom Zn.* Cu.* * Adequte ** Low Sttisticl nlysis Collected dt were sujected to the sttisticl nlysis of Snecdor nd Cochrn (99) to clculte replicte mens nd LSD (P.) for different tretments. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Vrietl differences Growth prmeters of the three sugr eet vrieties s ffected y vrietl differences re shown in Tle. There were significntly differences in root dimeter, nd root nd shoot FW. The est root dimeter ws in Armure while Mrthon hd superior root FW while Frncesco hd the highest shoot DW (Fig. ). There were no significnt differences in the root DW etween the three vrieties. Differences in growth prmeters nd yield etween sugr eet vrieties re common (Feckov et l. ). However, these differences were considered to e minor depending on the nrrow genetic se of the commercil vrieties (McGrth et l. 999). Effect of slinity on sugr eet growth prmeters Irrigtion with sewter negtively ffected sugr eet growth prmeters, including shoot height, numer of leves /plnt, root length nd dimeter nd root nd shoot FW (Tle ). A grdul decrese in these prmeters ws oserved s the slinity of irrigtion wter incresed nd the prmeters most ffected were shoot height nd shoot nd root FW. Plnt DW decresed drmticlly s the slinity of irrigtion wter incresed (Fig. ). This mens tht osmosis Dry mtter ccumultion (g.plnt - ) Mrthon Armure Frncesco Plnt orgn Fig. Dry mtter ccumultion in sugr eet plnts s ffected y vrietl differences. Vlues represent the men ± stndrd error (n = ). Dt with similr letters re not significntly different t P.. Dry mtter ccumultion (g.plnt - ) c Control (. ds.m-). ds.m-). ds.m-). ds.m-) Plnt orgn Fig. Dry mtter ccumultion in sugr eet plnts s ffected y slinity levels. Vlues represent the men ± stndrd error (n = 9). Dt with similr letters re not significntly different t P.. c 89

3 Increse in slinity tolernce of sugr eet using KMP folir fertiliztion. Shn et l. Tle Growth prmeters of the three sugr eet vrieties s ffected y vrietls differences. Vriety Shoot height (cm) No. of leves per plnt Length (cm) Dimeter (cm) g.plnt - Shoot g.plnt - Whole g.plnt - Mrthon Armure Frncesco LSD Dt with similr letters re not significntly different, P. Tle Response of sugr eet plnts to different slinity levels of the irrigtion wter. Slinity ds.m - Shoot height (cm) No. of leves per plnt Length (cm) Dimeter (cm) g.plnt - Shoot g.plnt - Whole g.plnt -.. c c.. c LSD Dt represent mens of the three vrieties, n= 9 Dt with similr letters re not significntly different, P. Tle Response of sugr eet plnts grown under slinity stress of irrigtion wter to KMP folir fertiliztion. KMP mg.l - Shoot height (cm) No of leves per plnt Length (cm) Dimeter (cm) g.plnt - Shoot g.plnt - Whole g.plnt LSD Dt represent mens of the three vrieties, n = 9 Dt with similr letters re not significntly different, P.. KMP = potssium monophosphte in the root medium restricted wter nd nutrient utiliztion y plnt roots (Kchout et l. 9), which resulted in dwrfed tops, reduced lef numer/plnt nd thinner nd shorter roots thn the control plnts. This cn e ttriuted to the negtive effect on wter djustment in plnt tissues (Kterji et l. 99; Medrno et l. ). Irrigtion with sline wter decresed mcro- nd micronutrient concentrtions in sugr eet shoot tissues (Hussein et l. 8). Shn et l. (8) stted tht N, P, K Mn nd Cu uptke y rley roots declined s the slinity of irrigtion wter incresed. An increse in sodium concentrtion in plnt tissues ws ccompnied with decrese in potssium (Fig. ), which my hve slowed down mny of the iochemicl processes which led to growth retrdtion nd reduction in dry mtter ccumultion. Response of stressed plnts to KMP folir fertiliztion Mcro- or micronutrient folir fertiliztion cn e useful technique to improve the nutritionl sttus of plnts grown under slinity stress conditions (El-Mghry et l. 998; Shn et l. ). Potssium monophosphte (KMP) folir fertiliztion enhnced the growth prmeters of sugr eet irrigted y sline wter (Tle ) lthough it did not significntly ffect shoot height, lef numer/plnt or root length nd dimeter. However, the shoot nd root FW nd DW showed significnt positive responses to the folir spry (Fig. ). Lef N concentrtions of the plnts grown under slinity stress received no KMP folir sprys surpssed the concentrtions in plnts tht received folir sprys (Fig. ). However, the opposite ws true for potssium concentrtions. Since K ws reported to e the most ffected nutrient in the tissues of plnts grown under slinity stress conditions (Hussein et l. 8), thus KMP folir ppliction could increse K concentrtions in the plnt tissues. The smll quntities of K sored y the leves might ccelerte the iochemicl processes tht led to n increment of other elements uptke nd trnsloction (Shn et l. 8), which finlly improved the nutrient lnce within the plnt tissues nd led to etter growth (Shn et l. ; Hussein et l. 8). CONCLUSIONS From the present work it cn e concluded tht: The populr sugr eet vrieties in Egypt Mrthon, Armure nd Frncesco differ slightly regrding their growth prmeters. Slinity with irrigtion wter negtively ffected ll growth prmeters of sugr eet plnts nd the higher the level of slinity the greter the negtive effect. Folir fertiliztion with potssium monophosphte (KMP) cn increse K concentrtions in plnt tissues nd led to significnt increses in shoot nd root FW nd DW, which re considered s indictors of slinity tolernce. REFERENCES Adel-Mwly SE, Znouny I () Response of sugr eet (Bet vulgris L.) to potssium ppliction nd irrigtion with sline wter. Assiut University Bulletin for Environmentl Reserch, - Aou-Hdid AF () The use of sline wter in griculture in the Ner Est nd North Afric Region: present nd future. Journl of Crop Production, 99- Ankermn D, Lrge L (9) Soil nd Plnt Anlysis, Technicl Bulletin, A&L Agriculturl Lortories Inc. USA, 8 pp Chpmn HD, Prtt PF (98) Methods of Anlysis for Soils, Plnts nd Wters, Division of Agriculturl Sciences, University of Cliforni, Berkeley, USA, pp El-Etreiy F () Effect of sline irrigtion wter nd micronutrient folir ppliction on sugr eet cultivrs. Alexndri Sciences Exchnge, 9- El-Hrriri DM, Gorh ME () Response of growth, yield nd qulity of sugr eet to nitrogen nd potssium fertilizers under newly reclimed sndy soil. Journl of Agriculturl Sciences, Mnsour University, 89-9 El-Mghry SS, Sheht MM, Twfik YH (998) Effect of soil nd folir ppliction of nitrogen nd potssium on sugr eet. Egyptin Journl of Agriculturl Reserch, -8 Etesmi H, Keshvrzi A, Ahmdi A, Riszdeh, N, Soltni H () The effect of irrigtion wter qulity nd different fertilizers on quntittive nd qulittive chrcteristics of whet in Kermn Orzoyie Plin. World Applied Sciences Journl 8, 9- Feckov J, Pct V, Cerny I () Effect of folir preprtions nd vriety on sugr eet yield nd qulity. Journl of Centrl Europen Agriculture, 9-8 Hussein MM, Shn MM, El Sdy AM (8) Response of cowpe plnts grown under slinity stress to PK-folir pplictions. Americn Journl of Plnt Physiology,

4 Fruit, Vegetle nd Cerel Science nd Biotechnology (Specil Issue ), 88-9 Glol Science Books TW KMP TW KMP N% Mrthon Mrthon Control. ds.m-.ds.m-. ds.m- Control. ds.m-.ds.m-. ds.m- N % Armure Armure Control. ds.m-.ds.m-. ds.m- Control. ds.m-.ds.m-. ds.m- Frncesco N % Frncesco Control. ds.m-.ds.m-. ds.m- Control. ds.m-.ds.m-. ds.m- Tr etments Tretments Fig. Potssium (K) nd sodium (N) concentrtions in the leves of sugr eet vrieties s ffected y slinity levels in the irrigtion wter nd KMP folir fertiliztion. Vlues represent the men ± stndrd error (n = ). Dt with similr letters re not significntly different t P.. TW = tp wter, KMP = potssium monophosphte. Jckson ML (9) Soil Chemicl Anlysis, Prentice-Hll of Indi Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Indi, pp - Kchout SS, Mnsour AB, Jffel K, Leclerc JC, Reje MN, Ouerghi Z (9) The effect of slinity on the growth of the hlophyte Atriplex hortensis (Chenopodicee). Applied Biology nd Environmentl Reserch, 9- Kterji N, Hoorn JW, Hmdy A, Mstrorilli M, Krzel EM (99) Osmotic djustment of sugr eets in response to soil slinity nd its influence on stomtl conductnce, growth nd yield. Agriculture Wter Mngement, - 9 Khlil SM, Mostf SN, Mostf ZR () Influence of potssium fertilizer nd soil slinity on chemicl composition of sugr eet root. Minufiy Journl of Agriculturl Reserch, 8-9 Lee G, Duncn RR, Crrow RN () Nutrient uptke responses nd inorgnic ion contriution to solute potentil under slinity stress in hlophytic seshore psplums. Crop Science Society of Americ, - 9

5 Increse in slinity tolernce of sugr eet using KMP folir fertiliztion. Shn et l. Dryy mtter ccumultion (g.plnt - ) Tp wter mg.l- KMP Plnt orgn Fig. Dry mtter ccumultion in sugr eet plnts grown under slinity stress conditions of irrigtion wter s responded to KMP folir fertiliztion. Vlues represent the men ± stndrd error (n = 9). Dt with similr letters re not significntly different t P.. McGrth JM, Derrico CA, Yu Y (999) Genetic diversity in selected historicl US sugr eet germplsm nd Bet vulgris ssp. mritime. Theoreticl nd Applied Genetics 98, 98-9 Medrno HJM, Esclonj JMM, Bot J, Gulis J, Flexs J () Regultion of photosynthesis of C plnts in response to progressive drought: stomtl conductnce s reference prmeter. Annls of Botny 89, 89-9 Shn MM, El-Fouly MM, Aou El-Nour EAA, Adel-Mguid AA () Hlophytes nd folir fertiliztion s useful techniques for growing processing tomtoes in the sline ffected soils. Pkistn Journl of Biologicl Sciences, - Shn, MM, Hussein MM, El Sdy AM (8) Nutritionl sttus in shoots of rley genotypes s ffected y slinity of irrigtion wter. Americn Journl of Plnt Physiology, 89-9 Sheht MM, Shohir AA, Mostf SN () The effect of soil moisture level on four sugr eet vrieties. Egyptin Journl of Agriculturl Reserch 8, - Snecdor GW, Cochrn WG (99) Sttisticl Methods ( th Edn), Iow Stte University Press, Ames, pp 9