Over efficiëntie in de plantaardige productie. Prof. Martin van Ittersum - Plant Production Systems group, Wageningen University

Transcription

1 Over efficiëntie in de plantaardige productie Prof. Martin van Ittersum - Plant Production Systems group, Wageningen University

2 Resource use efficiency kg product per kg input (kg N, kg pesticide, etc.) kg product per unit resource (hour labour, hectare, etc.) products, inputs and resources can also be expressed in monetary values 2

3 Accordingly. no production resource is used less efficiently and most production resources are used more efficiently with increasing yield level due to further optimizing of growing conditions Therefore strategic research that is to serve both agriculture and its environment should not be so much directed towards the search for marginal returns of variable resources, as towards the search for the minimum of each production resource that is needed to allow maximum utilization of all other resources 3

4 Production-ecological principles & practice Breeding and bio- Technology Defining factors CO 2 radiation temperature crop genetics Limiting factors water nutrients (N,P,K) Reducing factors weeds pests diseases pollutants yield level yield increasing measures yield protecting measures yield gap potential production limited production P R O D U C T I O N S I T U A T I O N actual production Van Ittersum and Rabbinge, Field Crops Research 4 Slide: Harrie Lovenstein

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7 Decomposing the yield gap Winter wheat yield (ton ha -1 ) Yp Y HF Y TEx Ya Technology yield gap Resource yield gap Efficiency yield gap Actual yield Crop inputs (x) Silva et al., Eur. J. of Agron.

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9 Magnitude of yield gaps for major arable crops in NLs Water limitation? Narrow rotations? Technology yield gap Water limitation? Crop yields slightly lower than the suggested 80% Yp Small resource Yg for all crops: high input levels Efficiency yield gap! Timeliness of operations? Delay previous crop (Mazzili et al., 2016) Soil trafficability (Droogers et al., 1996) Unfavourable weather (van Oort et al., 2012) Machinery constraints (Reidsma et al., 2015) Silva et al., Ag. Systems

10 Genetic progress Yield improvement of Dutch winter wheat varieties on marine clay soils observation trend Formula of trendline, X=year 1967 R 2 variety Y = X 87.9 trial r Y = X X farm Y = X X Grain yield (Mg ha -1 ) Year Update of: Rijk et al., Field Crops Research 10

11 Intercropping LER :2WM 6:0WM 0:2WM 6:3WM 8:2WM 0 6:2WM 6:0WM 0:2WM 6:3WM 8:2WM Fang et al., Eur. J. Agron., 2016

12 Efficiencies are scale-dependent (see presentation Imke de Boer) Efficiency gaps, next to yield gaps, result in environmental impacts per unit area that are higher than desirable Global and local focus 12

13 Priority ideas next phase - I Oene Oenema, Wageningen Univ.

14 Priority ideas next phase - I Oene Oenema, Wageningen Univ.

15 Priority ideas next phase - I Oene Oenema, Wageningen Univ.

16 Prins, H., C. Daatselaar & T. de Koeijer (2016) Bemesting en bodemoverschotten van stikstof en fosfaat Evaluatie Meststoffenwet 2016: deelrapport vraag 2 en vraag 10 ex post. Wageningen Economic Research. Yield Use efficiency - Surplus NUE (kg/kg) NUE N Yield N Surplus Years N yield or N surplus (kg/ha) PUE (kg/kg) PUE P Yield P Surplus Years P yield or P surplus (kg/ha)

17 P application and P uptake Western Europe P Uptake P application Kg ha -1 yr Year Sattari, Bouwman, Giller and Van Ittersum, PNAS

18 Regional differences Western Europe Africa Sattari, Bouwman, Giller and Van Ittersum, PNAS

19 A learning curve! W-Europe Africa Asia Sattari, Bouwman, Giller and Van Ittersum, PNAS

20 Intensification or Ecologisation? Zhang et al., Nature

21 Organic vs Mainstream agriculture Seufert and Ramankutty, Science Advances 21

22 How to ecologise... Consider objectives, trade-off and re-design at different levels Diversify rotations Precision management in time and space (e.g. 4 Rs) Using organic inputs organic matter and circularity Integrated pest management 22

23 Adding organic (fertilizer) inputs Meta-analysis of long-term experiments in Europe: But... If macro nutrients (NPK) are in ample supply: Mean additional yield effect of organic inputs is not significant (+1.4% + 1.6) Hijbeek et al., Plant and Soil

24 Results per crop type Hijbeek et al., Plant and Soil

25 Expect trade-off... Max SOCnew Min N 2 O-N Bos et al., Agricultural Systems

26 Expect trade-off... Bos et al., Agricultural Systems

27 Drivers and barriers - compost Hijbeek et al.,

28 Drivers and barriers - farmyard manure & compost Hijbeek et al.,

29 Plant protection with naturally occurring predators

30 Plant protection with naturally occurring predators Cereal aphids (no/100 straws) +P - P With(out) Predator Thies et al 2011 Ecol Appl

31 Insect communities - pest control Cereal aphids (no/100 straws) Natural pest control +P - P With(out) Predator Landscape cropping intensity (% arable land 1 km radius) Rusch et al 2016 AGEE

32 Concluderend Hoge opbrengsten en efficienties kunnen goed samengaan, maar... De kunst is (ook) goede balans te vinden met emissies per hectare We boeken (nog steeds) vooruitgang Nadruk op intensiveren of ecologiseren afhankelijk van waar we zijn op de wereld Gebruik van organic inputs: Geen wondermiddel Niet zonder trade-off Meer aandacht voor drivers & barriers boeren Effect op veerkracht onzeker

33 Future harvest Dank voor uw aandacht