Field physiology and agronomy to optimize crop yields. Felix B. Fritschi Division of Plant Science University of Missouri

Transcription

1 Field physiology and agronomy to optimize crop yields Felix B. Fritschi Division of Plant Science University of Missouri

2 0.32 million ha Introduction 1.34 million ha 2.17 million ha Forage 1.5 million ha 0.15 million ha 0.06 million ha

3 Introduction Why Crops Fail in Missouri 7% 1% 25% 2% 65% Drought Hail Excessive water Freeze Other

4 Introduction 2012 Missouri s warmest year on record, driest since 1980

5 Introduction

6 Introduction Model projections of summer average temperature and precipitation changes Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, 2009

7 1 2

8 Drought Drought Deep Loess Hills 108 Deep Loess and Drift 109 Heavy Till Plain 112 Cherokee Prairies 113 Central Claypan Areas 115 Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes 116A Ozark Highland 116B Springfield Plain 131 Southern Mississippi Valley Alluvium 134 Southern Mississippi Valley Silty Uplands

9 Agroforestry THE CENTER FOR AGROFORESTRY A Global Center for Agroforestry, Entrepreneurship and the Environment Mission: To support the long-term future of farms and forests by achieving economic, environmental and social sustainability 26 Faculty / Associate Faculty Forestry and Plant Science Soil Science Hydrology Air quality Economics Agroforestry Research: Alley Cropping: e.g. Black Walnut, corn Forest Farming: Shiitake mushroom, Ginseng Riparian Buffers: living filters (surface and shallow subsurface) Silvopasture: Pecan trees and cow-cave grazing Windbreaks: Pine, poplar, etc.

10 Agroforestry Dr. Shibu Jose (Director) Analyses of ecological processes and interactions that define ecological sustainability. Influences of resource availability and disturbances on ecosystem structure and function in agroforests. Dr. Chung-Ho Lin Phytochemicals for development of entrepreneurial opportunities Semiochemicals from chestnut for biological/chemical control of chestnut weevil Vegetative windbreaks in reducing transport of malodorous compounds Dr. Mike Gold (Associate Director) Teaching: online (nonthesis) Masters in Agroforestry Research: Marketing research on nontraditional products to enhance market development of agroforestry products Chestnut: orchard production and market research

11 Forage Production Forage management and quality Dr. Rob Kallenbach Forage-livestock systems Grazing-based dairy Feed- use efficiency Feed intake in beef cattle Winter feeding, stockpiled tall fescue Dr. Craig Roberts Forage quality and plant persistence Plant testing methodology and toxin management Defense proteins in tall fescue Improved grazing management Tall fescue toxicosis and grazing systems Dr. Harley Naumann Forage-livestock systems Physicochemical characteristics of protein-precipitable polyphenolics (condensed tannins) from warm-season perennial legumes and their biological activity in ruminants Effects of biotic (herbivory) and abiotic (climate) stressors on forage plant polyphenolic compounds

12 Crop Management Dr. Brent Myers Corn research and extension Precision agriculture Variable-rate corn management Soil spatial variability Aerial imaging Dr. Peter Scharf Nutrient management Optimization of nutrient application rates Minimization of nutrient movement to surface and ground water Variable fertilizer application On-the-go sensing of plant N status for side-dress fertilization Dr. Bill Wiebold Soybean research and extension Development of cropping systems that improve productivity, enhance stability, and protect the environment. Interrelationships among crop management choices Precision agriculture Long-term crop-rotation and management effects

13 Plant Nutrition Overview Nutrient uptake Nutrient use efficiency Function Fertilizer formulations Application timing, placement Fate

14 Imaging Aerial and Ground-Based Imaging for Phenotyping and Management Aerial Imaging Ground-based Imaging

15 Imaging Yield prediction from ground-based images

16 Imaging Image-based phenotyping Breeding Variety testing Site-specific management N fertilization Seeding rates Etc.

17 MU Drought Simulators Managed Drought Experiments

18 Yield Under Drought Seed Yield = WU x WUE x HI Leveraging Natural Variation in Soybean Germplasm

19 Yield Under Drought Contrasting root phenotypes Rooting depth Top-soil root architecture Nitrogen fixation Isotope discrimination Ureide concentration Carbon isotope discrimination WUE Germplasm development Genetic studies Dissection of physiological mechanisms

20 Rooting System Traits Shallow and deep rooting genotypes

21 Rooting System Traits Deep rooting Genotype Shallow rooting Genotype

22 MPa MPa m Rooting System Traits Genotypic Differences in Soil Moisture Depletion different genotypes Watermark sensors m 27 Week 41

23 Top-soil root architecture Rooting System Traits

24 Ureide accumulation in shoot tissue N 2 fixation 1.25 Relative Response Photosynthesis N 2 Fixation 100 % 75 % 50 % 25 % 0 % % Available Soil Water Sinclair, Purcell

25 L o g o f P r o b a b i l i t y ( O v e r 4 E n v i r o n m e n t s ) P r o b a b i l i t y Confirmation of QTL GWAS - Ureides G m O v e r 1 0 M A F 3 E n v S N P O v e r 1 0 M A F 4 E n v C I M ( S h o o t U r e i d e ) B A R C C I M ( S h o o t U r e i d e ) B A R C C h r o m o s o m a l P o s i t i o n

26 L o g o f P r o b a b i l i t y ( O v e r 4 E n v i r o n m e n t s ) P r o b a b i l i t y Identification of new loci GWAS - Ureides G m S N P O v e r 1 0 M A F, 3 E n v O v e r 1 0 M A F, 4 E n v C h r o m o s o m a l P o s i t i o n

27 GWAS - Ureides

28 Thank you!