List of contributors

Transcription

1 List of contributors Preface What does 'sustainable construction' mean? An overview p. 1 Introduction p. 1 The influence of the building sector p. 3 Can we afford sustainability? p. 6 How can we achieve sustainability in the building sector? p. 6 Aims of sustainable construction p. 7 Ecological aims p. 8 p. xi p. xvii Social aims p. 10 Economic aims p. 11 References p. 12 Legal background and codes in Europe p. 13 Normative background p. 14 Comments on EN and EN p. 14 Modular life-cycle stages p. 14 Comparability of EPDs for construction products p. 16 Functional equivalent p. 17 Scenarios at product or building level p. 17 Reuse and recycling in module D p. 18 Aggregation of the information modules p. 19 Legal framework p. 19 EU waste framework directive and waste management acts in European countries: product p. 19 responsibility EU construction products regulation p. 22 EU building directive and energy saving ordinance p. 23 Focus increasingly on construction products p. 26 EU industrial emissions directive p. 26 References p. 27 Basic principles of sustainability assessment p. 29 The life-cycle concept p. 29 What is the meaning of the life-cycle concept? p. 29 Life-cycle phases of a building p. 29 Life-cycle planning p. 32 Building Information Modeling in steel construction p. 32 Integrated and life-cycle-oriented planning p. 39 Life-cycle assessment and functional unit p. 45 Environmental impact categories p. 47 Life-cycle costing p. 48 Life-cycle costing - cost application including cost planning p. 51 Net present value method p. 52 Life-cycle cost analysis p. 53

2 Energy efficiency p. 59 Environmental product declarations p. 60 Institute Construction and Environment (LBU) - Program Operator for EPDs in Germany p. 62 The ECO Platform p. 63 Background databases p. 65 European open LCA data network p. 66 ÖKOBAUDAT p. 66 elca, an LCA tool for buildings p. 68 LCA - a European approach p. 71 Environmental data for steel construction products p. 72 The recycling potential concept p. 72 EPD for structural steel p. 78 EPD for hot-dip galvanized structural steel p. 80 EPDs for profiled sheets and sandwich panels p. 81 KBOB-recommendation - LCA database from Switzerland p. 85 KB OB-recommendation as a basis for planning tools p. 86 Environmental impact assessment within the KBOB-recommendation p. 87 Environmental impacts of hot-rolled steel products p. 88 Example using data from the KBOB-recommendation p. 90 References p. 93 Sustainable steel construction p. 97 Environmental aspects of steel production p. 97 Planning and constructing p. 99 Sustainability aspects of tender and contracting p. 99 Sustainable building quality p. 102 Space efficiency p. 102 Flexibility and building conversion p. 105 Design for deconstruction, reuse and recycling p. 108 Multistorey buildings p. 117 Introduction p. 117 Building forms p. 120 Floor plan design p. 122 Building height and height between floors p. 124 Flexibility and variability p. 124 Demands placed on the structural system p. 126 Floor systems p. 128 Columns p. 132 Innovative joint systems p. 133 High strength steel p. 134 Metallurgical background p. 136 Designing in accordance with Eurocodes p. 141

3 Batch hot-dip galvanizing p. 141 Introduction p. 141 The galvanizing process p. 144 Batch galvanized coatings p. 144 Sustainability p. 146 Example: 72 years young - the Lydlinch Bridge p. 150 UPE channels p. 152 Optimisation of material consumption in steel columns p. 155 Composite beams p. 157 Composite beams with moderate high strength materials p. 159 Examples for high strength composite beams p. 160 Economic application of composite beams p. 161 Fire-protective coatings in steel construction p. 166 Possible ways of designing the fire protection system p. 166 Fire protection of steel using intumescent coatings p. 166 The structure of fire-protective coating systems p. 167 Sustainability of fire-protection systems p. 168 Building envelopes in steel p. 171 Energy-efficient building envelope design p. 171 Thermal performance and air-tightness of sandwich constructions p. 173 Effective thermal insulation by application of steel cassette profiles p. 182 Floor systems p. 190 Steel as key component for multifunctional flooring systems p. 190 Slimline floor system p. 197 Profiled composite decks for thermal inertia p. 203 Thermal activation of steel floor systems p. 208 Steel decks supporting zero energy concepts p. 210 Optimisation of multistorey buildings with beam-slab systems p. 213 Sustainability analyses and assessments of steel bridges p. 219 State of the art p. 219 Methods for bridge analyses p. 224 External effects and external costs p. 225 Life-cycle assessment p. 226 Uncertainty p. 227 Steel construction for renewable energy p. 229 Sustainability assessment concept p. 232 Sustainability characteristics p. 235 References p. 237 Sustainability certification labels for buildings p. 247 Major certification schemes p. 248 DGNB and BNB p. 249

4 LEED p. 256 BREEAM p. 257 Effect of structural design in the certification schemes p. 266 Life-cycle assessments and environmental product declarations p. 266 Risks to the environment and humans p. 271 Costs during the life cycle p. 274 Flexibility of the building p. 277 Recycling of construction materials, dismantling and demolition capability p. 280 Execution of construction work and building site p. 284 References p. 288 Case studies and life-cycle assessment comparisons p. 289 LCA comparison of single-storey buildings p. 289 Structural systems p. 289 LCA information p. 293 Frame and foundations - structural system p. 294 Column without foundation - single structural member p. 298 Girder - single structural member p. 300 Building envelope p. 300 Comparison in the operational phase p. 301 Conclusions for single-storey buildings p. 303 LCA comparison of low rise office buildings p. 305 The low rise model building p. 305 LCA comparison of the structural system p. 307 LCA comparison of office buildings p. 310 LCA information p. 312 Results of the LCA for the building systems p. 312 Results of the LCA for a reference building p. 312 Material efficiency p. 317 Effective application of high strength steels p. 317 Sustainable office designer p. 323 Database p. 325 Example using sustainable office designer p. 325 Sustainability comparison of highway bridges p. 331 Calculation of LCC for highway bridges p. 331 Calculation of external cost for highway bridges p. 335 Calculation of LCA for highway bridges p. 338 Additional indicators p. 342 Sustainability of steel construction for renewable energy p. 344 Offshore wind energy p. 344 Digester for biogas power plants p. 348 Consideration of transport and construction p. 352

5 Environmental impacts according to the origin of structural steel products p. 352 Comparison of expenses for transport and hoisting of large girders p. 354 References p. 357 Index p. 361 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.