Energy - What are the Technical, Economic, and Political Implications of Meeting our Basic Energy. Needs?

Transcription

1 Energy - What are the Technical, Economic, and Political Implications of Meeting our Basic Energy Eric M. Stuve Needs? Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington

2 How Do We Use Energy?

3 Industry Commercial Residential Transportation

4 Where Does Our Energy Come From?

5 Oil Fossil Fuels Natural Gas Coal

6 Nuclear and solar, too!

7 Wind Renewables Hydro Biofuels

8 How Much Energy Do We Use? 98 Quads Total Renewables 6% Nuclear 8% Nat. Gas 23% Coal 23% 1 Quad Oil 40% = 1 Quadrillion Btu US DOE, Annual Energy Review, 2003 = Btu

9 Supplying Our Needs 98 Quads Total Renewables 6% Nuclear 8% Nat. Gas 23% Residential 22% Commercial 18% Coal 23% Industry 33% Oil 40% Transport. 27% US DOE, Annual Energy Review, 2003

10 Energy Diversity Energy Diversity: the ability to Use an energy source for every application Supply an application by all energy sources Good energy diversity Allows the market to optimize energy costs Promotes competition among energy providers Promotes efficient energy usage Promotes new resource development Is politically neutral Increases national and worldwide stability Benefits the environment (see energy efficiency)

11 The Importance of Energy Energy is essential in sustaining life Second only to food in importance Threatened with loss of energy people will Go to war Engage in extreme business practices Scavenge energy from any and all sources Energy is inherently political, And dealing with energy can lead to strange behaviors

12 Energy Myths We are running out of oil This will never happen, BUT We will abandon oil when it costs too much We must stop using fossil fuels And how will we supply 85% of our energy needs? Use the fossil fuels now and develop the next energy resource People need to conserve energy People don t use energy; people s machines do People can waste energy, and ought to stop!

13 Return to Our Problem Good energy diversity for Residential Commercial Industrial Poor energy diversity for transportation 66% of energy from oil used for transportation 95% of transportation energy comes from oil

14 Oil Nat. Gas Coal Renew 6.10 Nuclear 7.97 Source Sector Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation 26.75

15 The Weakest Link: Oil & Transportation Why the extreme dependence of transportation on oil? Transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel, kerosene) optimized for energy density Oil has the highest fraction of these fuels Vehicles designed to run on transport. fuels

16 Select a Fuel Fuel \ HHV kj/mol MJ/kg MJ/liter* kj/mol CO 2 H CH / CH 3 OH C 2 H 5 OH Glucose Gasoline Kerosene Coal, bit < 600 *H 2 : at 2200 psi; CH 4 : at STP and as LNG; Glucose: solid HHV (LHV): Higher (lower) heating value [water as liquid (vapor)]

17 Other Sources for Transport Fuels Coal Coal gasification to synthesis gas (CO & H 2 ) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to liquid fuels Used in wartime, but otherwise uneconomical Natural gas Steam reform methane to synthesis gas (CO & H 2 ) Gas-to-liquids (GTL) fuels processing (see coal) Nuclear energy Provide reforming energy for natural gas Renewables Biofuels

18 Develop a New Fuel For optimum energy diversity we seek A fuel that can be made from all energy sources A means to use that fuel in transportation vehicles Two possible fuels: Electricity Hydrogen

19 Electric Vehicles All energy sources, current and future, can produce electricity Good electrical distribution network exists But needs expansion to handle transportation Electric cars limited by battery technology Current batteries too heavy (Pb acid) or too expensive (Li-ion) Gas-electric or diesel-electric hybrids are good bridge technologies

20 Toyota Prius

21 Hydrogen Vehicles All energy sources can be used to make hydrogen Essentially no H 2 distribution network $1 2 million per mile of H 2 pipeline 10 20% losses to pumping/compression Keep existing liquid fuels network Install reformers at filling stations Consumer has choice of liq. fuel or H 2 Fuel cell technology still expensive But could use re-tuned internal combustion engines

22 Fuel Processing Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels: Extraction (oil, coal, nat. gas) Sulfur removal Reforming (energy intensive) CO removal (< 50 ppm for PEM) Electrolysis Bio-derived fuels Biomass gasification/pyrolysis Nat. Gas Current $/gge H $/gge H Electrol. (Effic.) 2.57 (62%) 1.86 (75%) gge: gallon of gasoline equivalent Bio-fuels U.S. Department of Energy, Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan (2005). Biomass

23 Fuel Reforming Raw Fuel Vaporizer (liq. fuels) Sulfur removal Reformer CO removal Low T shift High T shift H 2 Reformate to fuel cell

24 Ballard Bus (250 hp)

25 Excide fuel cell Racer, 1960 from the Science Service Historical Images Collection

26 Allis-Chalmers fuel cell tractor, 1959 from the Science Service Historical Images Collection

27 Union Carbide s Karl Kordesch & his alkaline fuel cell motorcycle, 1967 from the Science Service Historical Images Collection

28 Hydrogen Refueling

29 UTC Fuel Cells - Hyundai Sante Fe

30 UTC Fuel Cells - Nissan X-Trail

31 Nissan FC X-Trail Specs Vehicle Motor Fuel cell stack Storage battery Fueling system Overall length/width/height 4,465 x 1,765 x 1,790 (mm) Seating capacity 5 Top speed (km/h) 125 (speed reported to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) Type Coaxial motor with integrated speed reduction gear Max. power (kw) 58 Fuel cell Solid polymer electrolyte type Supplier UTC Fuel Cells (UTCFC, USA) Battery type Lithium-ion battery Fuel type Max. charging pressure (MPa) Compressed hydrogen gas 35

32 UTC Fuel Cells - BMW (APU)

33 H 2 Production and Fuel Cells GM fuel cell trailer at Dow Freeport Texas facility. This trailer is rated for 75 kw, but the system will be expanded to produce 35 MW of electrical power, enough to satisfy about 2% of Dow s Texas operations.

34 California s s Hydrogen Highway

35 Acknowledgements National Renewable Energy Laboratory Picture Exchange US Dept. of Energy, Annual Energy Review, 2003 Hal Wallace, Smithsonian Institution