AIRAH - BUILDING ENERGY PRECINCTS

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1 AIRAH - BUILDING ENERGY PRECINCTS Rob Clinch 22 August 2012 Replace with image Replace with image An Internationally Recognised Solution: G8 leaders call on countries to adopt instruments and measures to significantly increase the share of combined heat and power in the generation of electricity. 1

2 WHAT IS COGENERATION Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of electricity, heating and cooling using a single fuel source on the site being serviced. Also known as Combined Heat and Power or CHP. Electricity generated can be consumed on the host site, other nearby sites or exported to the grid for use by others. Waste heat from the electricity generation process is captured and used onsite or on neighbouring sites (e.g. district heating) An ongoing heat sink to use the heat byproduct is a fundamental requirement. (e.g. a swimming pool, a laundry in a hospital or an industrial process) WHAT IS TRIGENERATION Trigeneration is the simultaneous production of electricity, heating and/or cooling from a single common fuel source on the site being serviced. Also known as Combined Cooling, Heating and Power or CCHP. Electricity generated can be consumed on the host site, other nearby sites or exported to the grid for use by others. Waste heat from the electricity generation process is captured and used onsite or on neighbouring sites for heating (e.g. district heating) or converted to chilled water using an absorption chiller for cooling (e.g. district cooling) 2

3 Conventional Arrangement Power from grid. Natural Gas from mains. Space heating/process heating by gas boiler. Cooling from electrical powered vapour compression chiller Cogeneration Arrangement Natural Gas from mains to generator and peak boiler. Power from generator and to/from grid to suit. Space heating/process heating by heat recovery from generator. Cooling from electrical powered vapour compression chiller 3

4 Trigeneration Arrangement Natural Gas from mains to generator and peak boiler. Power from generator and to/from grid to suit. Space heating/process heating by heat recovery from generator. Cooling from absorption chiller using heat from generator Typical Plant (with Natural Gas) Reciprocating Engine or Gas Turbine or Microturbine Absorption Chiller Peak Boiler/Chiller Cooling Tower Circulating Pumps RECIPROCATING ENGINE MICROTURBINE GAS TURBINE 4

5 THERMAL EFFICIENCY Conventional coal fired power station Up to 40% efficient At least 60% heat loss in flue and cooling towers Additional transmission losses Trigeneration/Cogeneration Up to 85% efficient At least 15% heat loss in flue and cooling towers KEY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR COGENERATION IN PRECINCTS 1. Heat Sinks 2. Which has priority, power generation or heat usage? 3. Will the precinct be connected to the grid or run in island mode? 4. Fuel source & emissions; 5

6 FIRST KEY POINT Heat Sinks For cogeneration to be most attractive, the facilities/precinct need to be able to use most of the captured waste heat; This captured waste heat should therefore displace the primary fuel that would otherwise have been used for heating; This heat sink needs to be available to accept the captured waste heat all the time that the prime mover and generator are producing electricity. (N.B. This can be a major obstacle to avoid dumping heat.); In Melbourne s climate, the need for comfort heating over summer is low. To use the waste heat over summer an absorption chiller can convert the waste heat to chilled water for comfort cooling; Typical Heat Sinks in a Precinct Possible heat sinks in a precinct could be : an aquatic centre, a laundry a data centre a TV Station a mixture of residential, commercial, retail, hospital... an industrial process etc 6

7 Example of an Industrial Application at Coopers Brewery Sustainability Victoria Case Study: 4.4MW Solar Turbine $6.2Million SECOND KEY POINT Power Vs Heat What are the key drivers for the installation? 1. Sell as much power to maximise revenue from power sales. Dump any excess heat. 2. Match plant size to meet the precinct s heat requirements. Import any power shortage from the grid or export any power surplus. 3. Provide peaking support (power or heat) 7

8 THIRD KEY POINT Power Grid Connection or Isolation? Grid connection will: Incur demand charges or reserve feeder charges Need to meet network requirements (Grid stability, fault level contribution) Provide back-up power Grid Isolation will: Avoid meeting network requirements Need to address reliability of service Need to consider redundant plant to cover plant failure & maintenance Need to consider an alternative primary fuel? FOURTH KEY POINT Fuel Supply & Emissions What alternative fuel sources could be considered: Natural Gas most common fuel carbon less than grid Biogas Not commonly available renewable Biomass - Not commonly available renewable Landfill gas Not commonly available - location dependent Alternative fuel selection will be impacted by availability, access and emissions. e.g. BWEZ 8

9 BWEZ Railway link for delivery of biofuel New Zone Substation planned nearby All heat to a nearby existing industry. No district heating network required. Emissions from biofuel are undesirable for nearby food production DISTRICT ENERGY IN JAPAN In 2010, Arup arranged a study tour to Tokyo, to look at District Energy Plant ; Similarities between Melbourne and Tokyo, using US Dept of energy data are as follows: Tokyo 508 annual cooling degree-days (18 C baseline) 2311 annual heating degree-days (18 C baseline) Melbourne 210 annual cooling degree-days (18 C baseline) 1733 annual heating degree-days (18 C baseline) 9

10 Rippongi Hills Establishment Date - 4 August 2000 Electricity Licence Granted- 7 September 2001 Enterprise Initiated - 1 May 2003 BUILDING FLOOR AREA (m2) FLOORS END-USE Mori Tower 380,000 6 x basements Commercial 54 x floors Keyaki-Zaka Terrace 7,000 1 x basements 7 x floors Grand Hyatt, Tokyo 69,000 2 x basements 21 x floors Keyaki-Zaka Complex 19,000 2 x basements Hollywood Beauty Plaza Roppongi Hills Residence 6 x floors 25,000 3 x basements 12 x floors 150,000 2 x basements 43 x floors TV Asahi 74,000 3 x basements Residential Hospitality Commercial/Retail Retail/Commercial Residential Commercial 8 x floors TOTAL 724, x basements 108 x floors Rippongi Hills 10

11 Key Observations from Rippongi Hills Redundancy 100% backup from TEPCO 6 X 6.3MW Turbines gas fired or distillate 3 days back-up of distillate on-site Steam absorption chillers with recovery boilers & direct fired Building mix provides 24 hour demand Retail Commercial Residential Hotel TV Station Shinjuku Established in million m 2 is 3 times floor area of Rippongi Hills; 11

12 Shinjuku Continuous power supply from TEPCO in parallel; Plant has been rebuilt/replaced 3 times since 1971; TOKYO DISTRICT HEATING COOLING SYSTEMS There are 60 operating DHC systems in Tokyo as well as another 21 single building energy solutions, through Tokyo Gas 12

13 New NABERS Proposed Ruling NABERS supports the creation of an industry/government accreditation standard to allocate an emissions value to co/trigeneration thermal energy and electricity products externally supplied to buildings (similar to GreenPower). Once an accreditation process is established, then these externally supplied energy products can be included in a NABERS Energy rating. Until such a standard is developed co/trigeneration electricity supplied via the grid/network will be allocated standard grid emission values. Imported thermal energy will be considered by the NABERS National Administrator on a case-by -case basis. AIRAH - BUILDING ENERGY PRECINCTS Rob Clinch 22 August 2012 Replace with image 13