RESIDUAL EFFECT OF HYDROPHILIC POLYMER APPLICATION ON SOIL MOISTURE AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN CROP (Glycine max)

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1 RESIDUAL EFFECT OF HYDROPHILIC POLYMER APPLICATION ON SOIL MOISTURE AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN CROP (Glycine max) S. D. Payal 1, A. S. Kadale 2, S. K. Upadhye 3 1 Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Soil and Water Cons. Engg., College of Agril. Engg. and Technology, VNMKV, Parbhani 2 Head, Department of Soil and Water Cons. Engg., College of Agril. Engg. and Tech., VNMKV, Parbhani. 3 Assistant Professor (SWCE), Operational Research Project, AICRPDA, Solapur Received: 17/10/2017 Edited: 25/11/2017 Accepted: 31/11/2017 Abstract: Efficient management of soil moisture is important for agricultural production in the light of scarce water resources. Water deficiency is first limitation of soybean production in semiarid region, so more yield can be obtained by choosing strong and compatible cultivar for arid and semiarid region. Application of hydrogels can result in significant reduction in the required irrigation frequency particularly for coarse-textured soil. The study on residual effect of hydrophilic polymer application on soil moisture and yield of soybean crop (Glycine max) (Cv. MAUS-81 (Shakti) ) was carried out at Dry Land Agriculture Farm, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,, Parbhani during kharif The hydrophilic polymer (Aquasorb 3005K) was applied in kharif Five treatments viz., Hydrophilic polymer 12.5 kg/ha (T 1 ), 25 kg/ha(t 2 ), 37.5 kg/ha(t 3 ), 50 kg/ha (T 4 ) and T 5 (Control) were replicated four times. The soil moisture was monitored weekly at 0-15 cm and cm depth. The treatment T 4 recorded significantly higher soil moisture content during the whole season when compared with all other treatments. It recorded highest seasonal average per cent improvement in the soil moisture retention as with seasonal rainfall of mm. In dry spell condition, application of hydrophilic 50 kg/ha recorded available soil moisture to the plant up to 15 days higher as against 10 days to the farmers practice. Key words: hydrophilic polymer, soil moisture, soybean, Aquasorb 3005K. Introduction Efficient management of soil moisture is important for agricultural production in the light of scarce water resources. Soil conditioners, both natural and synthetic contribute significantly to provide a reservoir of soil water to plants on demand in the upper layers of the soil where the systems normally develop. These organic materials and hydrogels apart from improving the soil physical properties also serve as buffers against temporary drought stress and reduce the risk of plant failure during establishment (Johnson and Leah, 1990). This is achieved by means of reduction of evaporation through restricted movement of water from the subsurface to the surface layer of the soils (Ouchi et al., 1990). Super Absorbent Polymers (SAPs) are hydrophilic polymer complexes that have potential to absorb large volumes of aqueous fluids within a short time and under stress conditions can desorbs the absorbed water. Super absorbent polymer can hold g of water per dry gram of hydrogel (Woodhouse and Johnson, 1991). When mixed with the soil, they form an amorphous gelatinous mass on hydration and are capable of cyclical absorption and desorption over long periods of time, hence acting as a slow-release source of water and dissolved nutrients in the soil. Under rainfed conditions they may be expected to increase the survival of seedlings by increasing the time to wilting between rainfall events. Under certain conditions this may lead to increased yields. The application of super absorbent polymer has a significant impact in reducing drought UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

2 stress effects and to improve plants yield and stability in agriculture production (Khadem et al., 2010). Aquasorb 3005K is a hydrophilic polymer (copolymer of acrylamide and potassium acrylate) that, when incorporated into a soil, improve water conservation through increasing of water retention capacity, reducing of infiltration rate and cumulative evaporation. This anionic polyacrylamide polymer works in absorption-release water cycles and has the property of absorbing up to 500 times their weight in distilled water (EugenUlea et al., 2012). Soybean plays a major role in the world food trade. It has about 42 percent area and 56 percent of production of total oilseeds. Water deficiency is first limitation of soybean production in semiarid region. Application of hydrogels can result in significant reduction in the required irrigation frequency particularly for coarse-textured soil. This is an important issue in arid and semi-arid regions of the world for enhancing the water management of coarse textured soil. Keeping these points in view, the present investigation was undertaken during the kharif 2016with the objectives to study the residual effect of Hydrophilic polymer application on soil moisture, yield and to determine the Cost - Economics for soybean crop. Materials and Method Location The study was carried at the research farm of AICRPDA, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. The test crop used was soybean MAUS-81 (cv. Shakti) during kharif The soil type ranges from medium to deep black with ph 8.2. Geographically Parbhani is situated at ' North latitude and ' East longitude with an altitude of 406 m above mean sea level. Treatment details The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of different concentrations of hydrophilic polymer viz. Sowing of soybean with application of hydrophilic 12.5 kg/ha (T1), 25kg/ha (T2), 37.5 kg/ha (T3), 50 kg/ha (T4) and without application of polymer (control) (T5). Observations The per cent moisture content of the soil at 0-15cm and depth was determined by standard gravimetric method. Treatment wise grains weight, cost of cultivation, net returns per hectare were calculated. Total cost required from seed bed preparation to harvesting was recorded. Total gross monitory return (GMR) was calculated by considering the minimum support price for the year as Rs.40 per kg. Gross monitory return minus total cost was recorded for net monitory return (NMR). Gross monitory return divided by total cost was recorded for B: C ratio. Results and Discussion Rainfall occurred during kharif 2016 at Parbhani was mm as against the average annual rainfall 892 mm. The total number of rainy days were 68. The rainfall was 126 per cent of the average annual rainfall. Soybean was sown during first week of August. Crop was harvested during fifth week of October. Residual Effect of Hydrophilic Polymer Application on Soil Moisture soil samples for moisture studies were collected at 10 Days After Sowing (DAS), 17 DAS, 31 DAS, 38 DAS, 45 DAS, 59 DAS, 66 DAS and 73 DAS at 0-15 cm and cm depth near the plants and presented in Table 1. From Table 1and figure 1, it is revealed that moisture content was significantly higher (32.60 per cent) in T 4 than rest of the treatments after 10 DAS. Treatment T 4 was followed by the treatment T 3 at 0-15 cm depth. It was also found that the average percent increase in the soil moisture retention at 0-15 cm and cm depth in the treatment T 4 was 52.3 % and 64.42% respectively as compared to the The residual soil moisture at 17 DAS at 0-15 cm and cm depth is given in table 1 and figure 2. The moisture content was significantly higher in T 4 treatment than rest of the treatments. It was also found that the average per-cent increase in the soil UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

3 moisture retention at 0-15 cm and cm depth in the treatment T 4 was 56.01% and 39.13% respectively as compared to the The percent soil moisture at 31 DAS at 0-15 and cm depth is presented in Table 1 and shown in fig. 3. The moisture content was significantly higher in T 4 treatment than rest of the treatments. It was also found that the average percent increase in the soil moisture retention at 0-15 cm and cm depth in the treatment T 4 was 38.17% and 38.76% respectively as compared to the The per cent soil moisture at 38 DAS at 0-15 and cm depth is presented in Table 2 and in fig. 4. The moisture content was significantly higher in T 4 treatment. It was found that the average percent increase in the soil moisture retention at 0-15 cm and cm depth in the treatment T 4 was percent and percent respectively as compared to the The percent soil moisture at 45 DAS at 0-15 and cm depth is presented in Table 2 and in fig. 5. The moisture content was significantly higher in T 4 treatment. Treatment T 4 was at par with treatment T 2 and T 3 and followed by the treatment T 1 at 0-15 cm depth. Treatment T 4 was at par with treatment T 2 and T 3 and not followed by the any treatment at cm depth. The percent soil moisture at 59 DAS at 0-15 and cm depth is given Table 2 and in fig. 6. The moisture content was significantly higher in T 4 treatment than rest of the treatments. It was found that the average percent increase in the soil moisture retention at 0-15 cm and cm depth in the treatment T 4 was percent and percent respectively as compared to the The percent soil moisture at 66 DAS at 0-15 and cm depth is given Table 2 and in fig. 7. The moisture content was observed significantly higher in T 4 treatment than rest of the treatments. It was found that the average percent increase in the soil moisture retention at 0-15 cm and cm depth in the treatment T 4 was percent and percent respectively as compared to the The percent soil moisture at 73 DAS at 0-15 and cm depth is given Table 2 and in fig. 8. The moisture content was observed significantly higher in T 4 treatment than rest of the treatments. It was found that the average percent increase in the soil moisture retention at 0-15 cm and cm depth in the treatment T 4 was percent and percent respectively as compared to the The average soil moisture recorded by all the treatments at 0-15 and cm depth during crop growth period is also given in Table 2. The total rainfall recorded during the crop growth period was mm. The moisture content was observed significantly higher in T 4 treatment than rest of the treatments for whole season. It was also found that the average percent increase in the soil moisture retention at 0-15 cm and cm depth in the treatment T 4 was percent and percent respectively as compared to the Similar results were recorded by Sivapalan (2001), Abedi et al., (2006), Ghebru et al., (2006) and Hossein Nazarli et al.,(2010). Grain yield, GMR, NMR and B: C ratio in soybean crop The soybean crop was harvested 78 DAS and the yield at different levels of polymer concentration is given in Table 2. It is found that the highest yield was recorded in the treatment T 4 ( kg ha -1 ) whereas the treatments T 1, T 2, T 3 and Control recorded , , and kg ha -1 respectively. The treatment T4 recorded percent more yield than The increased polymer application rate predominantly recorded higher yields in soybean when compared to all other treatments. Similar results were obtained by Sivapaln (2004), Yazdani et al., (2007), Ali Taheri Amiri et al., (2013) and Gales et al., (2013). The B:C ratio for treatment T 4 was significantly superior than UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

4 Conclusions The soil moisture retention was increased in all treatments with increase in polymer application compared to control. In dry spell condition, application of hydrophilic 50 kg/ha recorded the availability of soil moisture to the plant up to 15days as against 10 days to the farmers Practice (control). The yield of soybean enhanced due to the application of hydrophilic polymer. Though better soil moisture retention was observed in the soil, but it is advisable to combine the irrigation facility along if there are chances of prolonged dry spells. The results of this study have demonstrated that crop production in a soil could be improved by adding polymer to the soil. The polymer in soil can store extra water and enable plants to utilize that water over an extended period of time. The use of water absorbent polymer in arid and semiarid regions could serve as an important tool in decreasing the adverse effect of dry spell and increasing the crop production. Table 2 : Residual Effect of Hydrophilic Polymer application on soil moisture (%) at 10, 17, 31, 38, 45, 59, 66 and 73 DAS 10 DAS 17 DAS 31 DAS Moisture Moisture Moisture Treatments content (%) content (%) content (%) (mm) (mm) (mm) T T T T T Mean SE ± % Level Treatments (mm) 38 DAS 45 DAS 59 DAS Moisture Moisture Moisture content (%) content (%) content (%) (mm) (mm) UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor: T T T T T Mean SE ± % Level DAS 73 DAS Avg. upto 73 DAS Treatments Moisture content (%) Moisture content (%) Moisture content (%) (mm) (mm) (mm) T T T T T

5 Mean SE ± % Level Table 3: Residual Effect of Hydrophilic polymer application on yield, GMR, NMR and B: C ratio in soybean Treatment Yield Cost of GMR (Rsha - NMR (kg ha ) Cultivation (Rsha -1 ) 1 ) (Rsha -1 ) B:C T T T T T Mean SE ± % Level Fig. 1 : Soil moisture content at 0-15 cm and cm depth at 10 DAS Fig. 2 : Soil moisture content at 0-15 and cm depth at 17 DAS Fig. 3 : Soil moisture content at 0-15 cm and cm depth at 31 DAS Fig. 4 : Soil moisture content at 0-15 and depth at 38 DAS Fig. 5 : Soil moisture content at 0-15 cm Fig. 6 : Soil moisture content at 0-15 and cm depth at 45 DAS and depth at 59 DAS UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

6 Fig. 7 : Soil moisture conten at 0-15 and cm depth at 666 DAS Fig. 8 : Soil moisture content at 0-15 and depth at 73 DAS Literature Cited Abedi-Koupai and JafarAsadkhazemi (2006). Effect of a hydrophilic polymer on the field performance of an ornamental plant (cuprcssusarizanica) under reduced irrigation regimes. Iranian polymer journal. Volume 15; 9.pp Ali TaheriAmiri, HosseinSharifan, MousaHesam and MortezaSiavoshi (2013). Effect of super-absorbent treatment on soybean yield. International Journal oftrends in life science. Volume-2 EugenUlea, Florin Daniel Lipsa, Evelina Cristina Morari, Daniel Gales and Irina ParaschivaChiriac (2012). Influence of aquasorb and different soil tillage systems on soil microbial populations in fields cultivated with soybean (glycine max merr.).journal of LucrariStiintifice. vol. 55 (2). Gales Daniel Costel, Denis ConstantinŢopa, Gheorghe Chiriac, Lucian Raus and Gerard Jitareanuthe (2013). Influence of Aquasorb on Maize and Soybean Yield andeconomic Efficiency in Moldavian Plain Native. Journal ofproenvironment. Page no Ghebru M. G, E.S. Dutoit and J. M. Stegn (2006). Water and nutrient retention by Aqua soil and stockosorb polymers: university of Preteria, Department of plant production and soil science Preteria. 002, South Africa. Johnson M.S. and Leah R.T. (1990). Effects of superabsorbent polyacrylamide on efficacy of water use by crop seedlings. J. Sci. Food Agric. 52: Ouchi S., Nishikawa A. and Kameda E. (1990). Soil improving effect of a super-water-absorbent polymer. II. Evaporation, leaching of salts and growth of vegetables. Jap. J. Soil Sci. Pl. Nutr. 61: Sivapaln S. (2001). Effect of polymer on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.) grown in a coarse textured soil, In: Proceeding irrigation, 2001 RegionalConference,Toowomba, Queensland, Australia, pp Sivapaln S. (2004). Response of soybean to Amelioration of sodic soils with polyacrylamides.isci th International soil conservation organization conference- Brisbane, July Woodhouse, J.M. and Johnson, M.S. (1991). The effect of gel-forming polymers on seed germination and establishment. J. Arid Environ. Vol.20, pp Yazadani F., Allahbadi I. and Akbari G.A. (2007). Impact of superabsorbent polymer on yield and growth analysis of soybean (Glycine max) under drought stress condition. Pak. Journal of Biol. Sci., 10: UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor: