Jhalendra Rijal IPM Farm Advisor-North San Joaquin Valley San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced Counties University of California Cooperative Extension

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1 Jhalendra Rijal IPM Farm Advisor-North San Joaquin Valley San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced Counties University of California Cooperative Extension 7 Feb., 2018 NSJV Almond Day, Modesto, CA

2 NOW Damage: Upto 14%

3 Nonpareil Reject Levels 2016 vs 2017 Slide Courtesy: Blue Diamond

4 Nonpareil Reject Levels Source: Blue Diamond

5 NOW egg laying activity: 2016 Avg. trap counts/trap/night Avg. no. eggs/trap/week Egg counts Degree days 4-Apr 7-Apr 12-Apr 18-Apr 25-Apr 3-May 5-May 9-May 12-May 19-May 23-May 26-May 31-May 2-Jun 6-Jun 9-Jun 16-Jun 23-Jun 27-Jun 30-Jun 5-Jul 7-Jul 11-Jul 14-Jul 19-Jul 25-Jul 1-Aug 4-Aug 11-Aug 18-Aug Degree Days vs Avg. trap counts/trap/night biofix 2017-Avg. no. eggs/trap/week Egg Degree days Mar 28-Mar 4-Apr 12-Apr 19-Apr 25-Apr 2-May 9-May 16-May 31-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 19-Jun 5-Jul 11-Jul 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 28-Aug 12-Sep 20-Sep 26-Sep 3-Oct 10-Oct Degree Days

6 NOW male moth activity: 2016 vs. 2017

7 Source: Almond Almanac 2016, Almond Board of CA

8 How to Prevent it Effective monitoring 2. Orchard sanitation 3. Early harvest 4. Mating disruption 5. Insecticide/ combination

9 How to Prevent it 2018 Egg traps/female-traps Pheromone traps Harvest samples Mummy nut samples Orchard history

10 How to Prevent it Management Options 1. Orchard sanitation 2. Early harvest 3. Mating disruption 4. Insecticide/ combination

11 1 st generation on mummies 2 nd -4 th generations on fresh nuts

12 Mummy nuts : Harbor the overwintering larvae serve as the only resource for egg laying by first generation moths

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14 1% mummy infestation (with multiple larvae) 1% nut damage (with multiple larvae)

15 Mummy nuts vs. % damage by NOW % nut damage mummy nut/tree = ~4% damage Average tree mummies/tree Source: Higbee and Siegal 2009

16 Mummy nuts vs. % damage by NOW % nut damage = 1.57 ~3 % damage ground mummy nuts/tree Average ground mummies/tree Source: Higbee and Siegal 2009

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18 Sanitation: Removal of mummy nuts from trees by Feb. 1 Destroy nuts by March 15 <2 mummies/tree (Sacramento and upper San Joaquin Valleys) 0.2 (tree mummies/tree) and 8 (ground mummies/tree) (lower San Joaquin Valley)

19 Harvest early before the 3 rd generation eggs hatch. Harvest when 100% of nuts at 6-8 ft height are at hullsplit Cumulative sum of males NOW male captures in traps /1 5/1 6/1 7/1 8/1 9/1 10/1 Date Fig. from Chuck Burks

20 NOW life cycle and generations in CA

21 Navel Orangeworm (NOW) Male-2017

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23 No disruption

24 With disruption

25 Used in Mating Disruption (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadienal (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadienal Coffelt et al. (1979) NOW males are not attracted to the aldehyde-only formulation (Kuenen et al. 2001) Necessary for attraction Modified from: Chuck Burks

26 NOW-Mating disruption products Puffer NOW units/a; 7.48 g a.i./a ISOMATE NOW Mist (Pacific unit/a; 7.1 g a.i./a Cidetrak NOW Meso (Trécé) (Not dispensers/a?? Semios NOW Plus units/a; variable a.i.?? Moths are sexually active at night Except NOW Meso, all products dispense pheromone every 15 min. interval for 8-12 hours Variable release rates for Semios

27 Application of Dispensers in the Field Timing: Begin before the moth emergence in the spring and continue pass the susceptible stage of the crop Distribute the units/acre in a grid pattern, plus few more in upwind edge to compensate wind influence Select the limb closer to the center of the tree at upper 1/3 of the tree height Place in a way to avoid direct insecticide spray on the unit Avoid nozzle of the canister facing the foliage/limbs (3-ft clearance if possible) Grower applied vs. company applied

28 Almond Board Project (Haviland) Evaluate 4 mating disruption products 40-acre plots, 3 replicate orchards DPR Pest Management Alliance Grant (Haviland & Rijal, et al) Side-by-side demonstrations, acre plots 3 demonstrations lower SJV 3 demonstrations upper SJV ABC project (Symmes) Adds 2 demos in Sac Valley 2018 Total= 9 locations, >1,200 acres of mating disruption

29 Pheromone trap captures- Southern SJV Haviland Almond Board Project, 2017 Reductions in trap captures 89% 95% 91%

30 NOW damage at harvest- Southern SJV Haviland Almond Board Project, 2017

31 Crop Values- Haviland Almond Board Project No MD $7,275 Per/acre returns $ difference/ac Suterra $7,400 +$125 Semios $7,385 +$110 Pac. Bio. $7,385 +$110 Trécé $7,381 +$106

32 Haviland and Rijal - Pest Management Alliance DPR Project, 2017 (Northen San Joaquin Valley) Escalon 1. Navel orangeworm 2. Spider mites 3. Leaffooted bug 4. Ant 5. Peach twig borer 6. San Jose scale 3 sites 3 sites Kern Co. Turlock Ballico Conv. IPM

33 Pheromone trap captures- Southern SJV Haviland and Rijal- Pest Management Alliance DPR Project, 2017 Reductions in trap captures 97.2% 92.7% 94.7%

34 NOW Damage at harvest- Southern SJV Haviland and Rijal- Pest Management Alliance DPR Project, 2017 Conv. Mating disruption Reductions in damage 73% 5% 79% Change in crop value +$153 +$39 +$363

35 Pheromone trap captures- Northern SJV Haviland and Rijal- Pest Management Alliance DPR Project, 2017 Turlock Escalon Ballico Reductions in trap captures 97.1% 94.7% 83.2%

36 NOW Damage at harvest- Northern SJV Haviland and Rijal- Pest Management Alliance DPR Project, 2017 Reductions in damage 50% 77% -100% Change in crop value +$40 +$334 -$76

37 Wasco Lost Hills Maricopa NOW damage Down 74% Down 79% Turlock Escalon Ballico Down 5% Down 50% Up 100% Down 77% Square sites MD cost/benefit ~$120 for MD = $222 in crop value Triangle sites ~$120 for MD = $17

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39 Disclaimer: The Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) provided partial or full funding for this project but does not necessarily agree with any opinion expressed, nor endorse any commercial product or trade name mentioned.

40 Edge effects/immigrating moths The pheromone does not kill the pest; thus, mated females can fly into the treated area and lay eggs, producing larvae that will cause damage %NOW Damage Observed pattern NOW damage Went from 15% to <5% damage within 400 ft from edge Distance from edge (ft) Courtesy: Slide: C. Burks

41 Site 1 Almonds Conventional site (No MD): Avg % damage (edge)= 5.5 Avg % damage (center)= 6.6 IPM site (Mating disruption): Avg % damage (edge)= 3.8 Avg % damage (center)= 1.3 % NOW damage (Center vs. Edge) No MD Mating Disruption

42 % NOW damage (Center vs. Edge) NO MD Site 2 Almonds Conventional site (No MD): Avg % damage (edge)= 1.35 Avg % damage (center)= Mating Disruption IPM site (Mating disruption) Avg % damage (edge)= 1.1 Avg % damage (center)=

43 4. MD in conjunction with insecticide Photo: TheAlmondDoctor

44 Monitoring eggs on earlysplit nuts Female-based traps (egg trap, Peterson traps) are useful for monitoring

45 No. of NOW moth/week in almond orchard No MD pheromone MD pheromone Moth in pheromone trap MD peterson Moth in Peterson trap 0 4/24 4/29 5/7 5/13 5/20 5/24 6/2 6/9 6/16 6/24 7/3 7/11 7/20 7/24 7/30 8/17 9/4 9/19 9/26 0

46 Phenyl Propionate (PPO) Kairomone blend (five compounds) 100 mg/day 5 mg/day Slide Slide: Courtesy: C. Burks C. Burks

47 Slide: C. Burks

48 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Thanks to: Cooperator Growers, Pest Control Advisers Farm Advisors there is a new sheriff in town