Effects of Gibberellins (GA3)on variety performance in terms of Yield and Yield Attributing Characters of Rice at Karma R & D Center, Jyotinagar

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1 A RESEARCH REPORT ON: Effects of Gibberellins (GA3)on variety performance in terms of Yield and Yield Attributing Characters of Rice at Karma R & D Center, Jyotinagar Principal Researcher Mr. Amit Raj Adhikari R & D Manager Soil Scientist Karma Enterprises Pvt. Ltd soilscience@karmagroups.com Conducted by Karma Enterprises Pvt.Ltd Sitapaila-4, Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel.: , Fax: info@karmagroups.com March

2 1. Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a member of the Poaceae family. There are two species of cultivated rice viz. Oryza glaberrima and Oryza sativa. O. glaberrima originates from West Africa and is presently only grown near its center of origin, while O. sativa, which is originally from Asia, is grown on all continents (Khus, 1997). Rice is the major cereal crop of Nepal. It is grown in all the three major ecological regions accounting 69.64%, 26.17% and 4.20% of total rice cultivated areas in Terai & Inner Terai, Hills and Mountains respectively (MOAD, 2010). Rice occupies the first place in term of area and total production. In 2011/12, rice covered area of 15, 31,493 ha, with production of 50, 72,248 metric tons and the productivity of 3.31 t ha-1 (MoAD, 2012). The lower foot plains and river valleys are main areas for growing this rice in Nepal. Area and productivity of rice shows that from 1961 to 2009, rice yields grew only by 36 kg/ha per year. This is a negligible increase of rice yields when compared with the increased NPK use in Nepal. Most of the literature have suggested, besides micronutrients different plant growth regulators specifically gibberellins plays significant role in increasing the grain yield of rice. Traditionally, high-yielding rice has been dependent on the widespread use of fertilizers. Although this approach has been successful in increasing grain yield, it is desirable to further improve grain production. In many plant receiving high amount of GA, yield and total plant biomass also increased significantly (Okuno et al., 2014). Mukarjee 2003 reported that yield of rice grain increased significantly upto 10 ppm application of gibberellins. Balance use of fertilizer focusing on use of plant growth regulator specifically the use of giberellins is the best way to improve soil fertility and rice productivity from sustainable point of view. So with the objective of assessing the impact of Giberellins in rice productivity, research trial was set up in karma R & D Center, Jyotinagar. 2. Materials and method 2.1. Research sites The whole field experiments were conducted on Karma R & D Center, Jyotinagar, Chitwan, Nepal, from June 2014 to November The site lies in the sub-tropical zone with an altitude of 250 masl, between N latitude and E longitude. 2.2 Soil properties Composite soil sample was taken from the land with the help of auger before land preparation at 0-20cm depth. The soil was dried, ground, sieved and chemical and physical properties were analyzed at the Soil Science Division under NARC, Khumaltar. The detail of the soil analysis is presented in Table 1. The soil was sandy loam with slightly acidic ph and medium in organic matter and nitrogen content and medium in phosphorous and potash content. 2

3 Table 1. Physio-chemical properties of soil, Karma R & D Center, Jyotinagar, Chitwan Property Content Method Soil ph 6.4 1:1 soil water ratio Soil organic matter (%) 3.09 Walkley and Black method Nitrogen (%) 0.13 Micro- kjeldahl method Phosphorus (kg/ha) 63 Modified Olsens Bicarbonate method Potash (kg/ha) 208 Flame Photometer method Texture Sandy Loam The textural triangle 2.3 Raising of seedlings in nursery Seeds of Hejia G-10 (Hybrid rice) and OR (Open pollinated variety) were sown on dry nursery bed on June No chemical fertilizers were applied on nursery bed. The age of seedlings was 30 days during transplanting which was done on July Field Layout The field experiment was conducted in split plot design. Two varieties; one hybrid Hajia G-10 and next open pollinated (OR) was taken as main plot and Seven different doses of Nap Gibb as sub plot treatments and each treatment was replicated three times. Each plot was of 3m 3m dimension. After this concern fertilizer were used in each plot and transplanting of 1 seedlings/ hill in 15 rows was done at 20cm 20cm spacing. Altogether there were 225 hills in each plot. The layout of experimental field and treatments detail are presented in figure 1 and table 2 respectively. Figure 1 (a): Field layout 3

4 Figure 1 (b): Individual plot Layout Table 2: Treatment details for first trial Treatment Combinations Control (G-10) T1 G-10+ NG 1gm 16 L-1 (8 DAT) T2 G-10+ NG 0.5gm 16 L-1 (8 DAT) T3 G-10+ NG 1gm 16 L-1 (16 DAT) T4 T5 G-10+ NG 0.5gm 16 L-1 (16 DAT) T6 G-10+ NG 1gm 16 L-1 (8 DAT & 16 DAT) T7 G-10+ NG 0.5gm 16 L-1 (8 DAT & 16 DAT) T8 Control (OR) T9 OR+ NG 1gm 16 L-1 (8 DAT) T10 OR+ NG 0.5gm 16 L-1 (8 DAT) T11 OR+ NG 1gm 16 L-1 (16 DAT) T12 OR+ NG 0.5gm 16 L-1 (16 DAT) T13 OR+ NG 1gm 16 L-1 (8 DAT & 16 DAT) T14 OR+ NG 0.5gm 16 L-1 (8 DAT & 16 DAT) Note: DAT= Days after transplantation 4

5 2.4 Sampling and observation Plant height The final plant height was recorded at harvest. Height was measured from base of plant to panicle tip Number of effective tillers Net plot area of 1 m2 of each plot was harvested to record the number of effective tiller which comprises of 25 hills Panicle length The panicle length of 5 panicle/ treatment was measured from the base (neck node) to the terminal spikelet using centimeter scale at maturity Thousand grain weight After harvesting the grains from each plot were dried separately and 1000 grains from each plot were randomly counted and weighed using electronic balance Grain yield and straw yield per plot For calculating grain yield, first of all 1m2 area of each plot were harvested and threshed separately, then grain were sun dried and actual weight was calculated at 12 % moisture level with the help of moisture meter and weighing electric balance and straw yield by weighing with electronic balance. (100-Moisture Content)* Plot yield (kg)*10-1 Grain yield (t ha ) at 12% moisture= (100-12)* Net plot area (m2) 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Effect on plant height and panicle length There was significant difference in plant height and panicle length between two varieties and maximum plant height of 108.8cm and panicle length 26.2 cm at harvest was recorded in G-10. The maximum panicle length and plant height might be due to excessive growth characteristics of hybrid rice. Different doses of Nap Gibb brought significant difference in both plant height as well as panicle length (Table 3). Maximum plant height (106.5 cm) and length of panicle (26.7 cm) were recorded in plot supplied with 1gm of Nap Gibb ( 8 & 16 DAT). Meanwhile the shortest panicle 5

6 (24.0cm) and plant height (102 cm) was recorded in the control plot. These results suggest that Giberellins plays important role in both increasing plant height and length of panicle. Table 3: Effects of different doses of NapGibb on plant height and panicle length of rice at Karma R & D Center, Jyotinagar, Chitwan (June 2014-Nov 2014) Treatments Variety G-10 OR(Open pollinated) Nap Gibb Control 1gm/16L (8DAT) 0.5ml/16L (8 DAT) 1 gm/16l (16 DAT) 0.5 gm/16l (16 DAT) 1gm/16L (8 & 16 DAT) 0.5 gm/16l (8 & 16 DAT) C.V. Plant height Panicle length 108.8a 101.5b a 24.1b b 105.2ab 106.0ab 105.3ab 105.7ab 106.5a 105.3ab c 25.3b 25.2b 25.2b 25.7ab 26.7a 26.5a Effect on effective tiller and thousand grain weights Table 6: Effects of different doses of NapGibb on number of effective tiller/m2, thousand grain weight of rice at Karma R & D Center, Jyotinagar (June 2014-Nov 2014) Treatments Variety G-10 OR(Open Pollinated) Nap Gibb Control 1 gm/16l (8 DAT) 0.5 gm/16l (8 DAT) 1 gm/16l (16 DAT) 0.5 gm/16l (16 DAT) 1 gm/16l (8 &16 DAT) 0.5 gm/16l (8 &16 DAT) C.V. (%) effective tiller/m2 thousand grain weight (gm) 163b 225a a 24.16b d 196b 192c 197b 197b 202a 194b d 25.88cd 26.08bc 26.64b 27.52a 27.40a 27.25ab

7 There was significant difference in both; number of effective tiller in one meter square area and weight of thousand grains (Table 4). Significantly higher number of effective tiller 225 was recorded in open pollinated variety (OR) whereas weight of thousand grain (29.01gm) was recorded in variety Hajia G-10. Greater number of effective tiller in open pollinated variety might be due to its prolific tiller producing capacity. Different doses of Nap Gibb did brought significant difference in number of effective tiller as well as weight of thousand grains. Significantly highest number of effective tiller (202) and maximum weight of thousand grains (27.40 gm) was recorded in plot receiving 1gm Gap Gibb (8 & 16 DAT) whereas only 180 effective tiller and minimum weight of thousand grains (25.32 gm) were recorded in control plot. This outcome shows that Gibberellins is valuable plant growth regulator to increase the vegetative growth and number of tiller as well as improving the boldness of grain. Table 5: Effects of different doses of Nap Gibb on grain and straw yield of rice at Karma R & D Center, Jyotinagar (June 2014-Nov 2014) Treatments Variety G-10 OR(Open Pollinated) Nap Gibb Control 1 gm/16l (8 DAT) 0.5 gm/16l (8 DAT) 1 gm/16l (16 DAT) 0.5 gm/16l (16 DAT) 1 gm/16l (8 &16 DAT) 0.5 gm/16l (8 &16 DAT) C.V. Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield (t ha-1) 6.10a 4.09b a 7.76b c 4.93bc 5.02b 5.15ab 5.03b 5.57a 5.38a c 9.38bc 9.55b 9.78ab 9.55b 10.6a 10.2a There was significant difference in both; grain yield and straw yield between two varieties (Table 5). Significantly highest grain (6.10 t ha-1) and straw yield (11.6 t ha-1) were recorded in hybrid variety Hajia G-10. Higher grain yield in hybrid rice is due to increase in number of yield attributing parameters like length of panicle, number of effective tiller and weight of thousand grains. Foliar application of different doses of Nap Gibb also brought significant difference in both grain and straw yield. Significantly maximum grain (5.57 t ha-1) and straw yield (10.6 t ha-1) were recorded in the plot receiving 1gm Gap Gibb (8 & 16 DAT), whereas lowest grain (4.59 t ha-1) and straw yield (8.73 t ha-1) were recorded in control plot. This result showed that with increase 7

8 in dose of excellent zinc, length of panicle, number of effective tiller and weight of thousand grains also increased ultimately increasing the grain yield. Grain & Straw Yield (t ha-1) Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield (t ha-1) Treatments Figure 2: Effects of different doses of Nap Gibb on grain and straw yield of rice at Karma R & D Center, Jyotinagar (June 2014-Nov 2014) 4. Conclusion The above field experiments were conducted with the assumption that use of Nap Gibb will increase the yield of rice significantly and the result was in accordance with assumption. The result clearly indicated that on applying the Nap Gibb at different DAT and at different doses, yield also was increased significantly and the highest yield was recorded in plot where 1gm per 16 L of Nap Gibb was done. This result clearly showed that Gibberellins is important plant growth regulator for rice production thus farmers should be recommended to use this as the source of plant growth regulator. Furthermore, around 2 ton higher yield was recorded in hybrid rice suggesting that to increase the rice yield farmer should start to look forward to use the high yielding varieties of rice such as Hajia G-10. Acknowledgement My special thanks go to Mr. Suresh Gurung, the Managing Director of Karma Enterprises Pvt.Ltd for his continuous support during the research work. I would also like to acknowledge Mr. Somchai, Global Marketing Manager of Napnutriscience for providing valuable suggestions 8

9 regarding the trial details. Similarly I can t stop myself form appreciating the helping hand of Research and development team, senior marketing executive of Karma Enterprises. 9