PROFITABLE AND ECONOMIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR QUALITY SEED PRODUCTION AND ENHANCED YIELDS IN CHILLI

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1 Plant Archives Vol. 17 No. 1, 217 pp ISSN PROFITABLE AND ECONOMIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR QUALITY SEED PRODUCTION AND ENHANCED YIELDS IN CHILLI S. Surya Kumari*, K. Uma Jyothi, T. Vijaya Lakshmi and P. V. Reddy Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Horticultural Research Station, Lam (Andhra Pradesh), India. Abstract In chilli where out crossing ranges from 4.4 to 24.7%, quality seed can be obtained at a plant density of 4, 44,444 plants ha -1 (75 3cm). With regard to nutrient management an INM package of organics viz., Vermicompost/ Neemcake/Green mannure in combination with the recommended dose of fertilizer i.e., 3N : 6P : 12K ha -1 applied as N in the form of 5% as urea and remaining as Ammonium Sulphate/Calcium Ammonium Nitrate and K in the form of 5% as muriate of potash and remaining 5% as sulphate of potash was found to give enhanced seed yield and profitable returns per unit area in chilli. With regard to seed, quality seed can be collected from second picking sown in the 1 st week of July with a seedling dip of the bio-fertilizers viz., Azospirillum and Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria and a micro nutrient spray of a mixture of all micro nutrients on 3 th, 6th and 9 th days of transplanting. The CMS A line to R line in the ratio of 2:1 was recommended for profitable and economic hybrid seed production in chillies under Lam conditions of Andhra Pradesh, India. Key words : Quality seed production, chilli, yields, green manure, growth parameters. Introduction Chilli is an important cash crop of Andhra Pradesh and the state ranks first in India in terms of area, production and productivity. RARS, Lam is the pioneer centre for Chillies research in India. Research for the improvement of chilli was started at Lam as early as During 1949, the scheme for the improvement of chilli was initiated. This was strengthened during In 197, the All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement project was started with multi disciplinary approach. During 1987, National Seed Project on vegetables for the production of chilli breeder seed was allotted to Lam centre. The AICVIP on National Seed Project BSP started during 1987 at RARS, Lam has come out with profitable and economic technologies for quality seed production and exploitation of available seed vigour for obtaining maximum yield. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted at RARS, Lam, Guntur, A.P. (India) during the period from Nine different experiments were conducted during the period with RBD and FRBD concepts to evaluate a *Author for correspondence : surya.surepeddi@ gmail.com profitable technology to enhance the quality and the yield in chilli seed production. The experimental soil at RARS, Lam was slightly alkaline with PH of 7.7. The organic carbon percentage was low (.43%). The soil status for available nutrients was medium with 52 kg N/ha and 17.4 kg.p 2 O 5 /ha and 954 kgk 2 O/ha. The available calcium and magnesium content was 9.8 g /kg soil and 2.1 g/kg soil, respectively. The recommended dose of fertilizer and package of practices were adapted. Data was collected on growth characters yield attributes and yield and subjected to statistical analysis (Panse and Sukatme, 1985). The capsaicin content was determined by the procedure outlined by Bajaj and Gurudeep Kaur (1979). Results and Discussion The research in the first two decades was mostly on standardizing the extent of natural crossing in chillies, effect of dates of sowing, fertilization and picking on seed yield and quality, effect of micronutrients and biofertilizers in enhancement of seed yield and quality and standardization of planting ratio of CMS A to R lines for economic hybrid seed production in view of giving high income per unit area. Studies conducted on natural cross

2 Table 1 : Profitable and Economic Technologies for Quality Seed Production and Enhanced Yields in Chilli 349 S. Name of the Experiment Year of Result/ Recommendation no. conducting experiment 1. Extent of natural crossing in chillies to 24.7% out crossing was recorded. 2. Effect of dates of sowing, fertilization and picking on seed yield and quality in chilli 3. Standardization of hybrid seed production 23-7 technology in chilli 4. Effect of various doses of nitrogen 23-9 fertilizers with foliar sprays 5. Effect of biofertilizers on seed yield and 23-9 quality in chilli 6. Comparative efficacy of different sources 26-9 and levels of nitrogen and potassium on yield and quality in chilli 7. Integrated nutrient management studies in 26-9 chilli (Cv.LCA-353) in the vertisols of Andhra Pradesh 8. Studies on the effect of micronutrients on 25-9 yield and quality in chillies Cv. Lam Agronomic requirement of promising 25-7 chilli varieties to various plant densities in vertisols II picking of the crop sown on 1 st July with RDF as soil application recorded highest seed yield attributes(22.4q/ha) The CMS A line to R line in the ratio of 2:1 was recommended for hybrid seed production in chillies under Lam conditions with an average seed weight of 6.18g/plant. 25 kg N with foliar spray of 2% urea 3 times at monthly intervals recorded highest yields in chilli(74.2q/ha) Plants dipped in PSB for 3 minutes before transplanting with 5% recommended dose of N and K recorded highest seed yield (16.8q/ha) Application of recommended N@ 3 kg/ha as 5% urea and 5% as CAN/AS along with the recommended K 2 O of 12 kg/ ha as 5% MOP and 5% SOP gave maximum quality yield of pod & seed in chilli(48.8q/ha and 22.8q/ha) INM package of organics with 5 t/ ha with 15% recommended N as inorganic gave higher yields. However quality produce with pods of high colour were obtained with INM package of organics of green 2t /ha with 75% recommended N as inorganic.(4898 EOA units) Spraying of mixture of all micronutrients on 3 th, 6 th and 3 th DAT (64.7q/ha)was on par with commercial formulation Multiplex 1 PPM sprayed at same intervals (66.7q/ ha)recorded highest pod and seed yield. Superior and economic yields in chilli can be obtained at 4,44,444 plants/ ha with 75X3 cm spacing.(51.46q/ha) pollination in chillies from revealed 4.4 to 24.7 percent out crossing. The wind speed in different cropping seasons of chillies during the peak flowering periods September, October and November was observed to be more or less similar and appeared to have no role in influencing out crossing in chillies under the prevailing agro-ecological conditions and farming system under rainfed vertisols of Lam, Guntur, A.P., India. The studies conducted during on the effect of sowing time with three dates of planting i.e. 16 th June, 1 st July & 16 th July with three fertilizers levels i.e. no fertilizer, the recommended fertilizer, foliar spray of 2.5ml/ gallon + 1% DAP +.5% MOP & three pickings. It was concluded that second picking of the crop sown on first July with RDF as soil application recorded highest seed yield and yield attributes.(surya Kumari et al., 24). The CMS A line to R line in the ratio of 2:1 was recommended for hybrid seed production in chillies under Lam condition based on the research from Effect of various sources and doses of fertilizers, micronutrients as foliar spray and bio fertilizers as seedling dip and integrated nutrient management with organics and inorganic, spacing and plant populations were evaluated from There was significant increase in pod and seed yields with increasing levels of nitrogen applied and different foliar sprays of 2% urea, KNO 3 and.2% Agromin on 3 th, 6 th, 9 th days after transplanting. An interaction of 3KgN/ha with foliar spray of 2% urea 3times at monthly intervals recorded highest pod and seed yield and was on par with 25KgN with foliar spray of 2% Urea 3 times at monthly intervals and hence the later can be recommended for profitable and economic yields. The comparative efficacy of three sources of nitrogen viz., Urea, Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) and Ammonium sulphate (AS) and two sources of Potassium viz., Muriate of Potash(MOP) and Sulphate of Potash

3 35 S. Surya Kumari et al. EFFECT OF DATES OF SOWING,FERTILISATION AND PICKING ON SEED YIELD IN CHILLI S E E D Y IE L D (K g S1F P1 S1F P2 S1F P3 S1F 1P1 S1F 1P2 S1F 1P3 S1F 2P1 S1F 2P2 S1F 2P3 S2F P1 S2F P2 S2F P3 S2F 1P1 S2F 1P2 S2F 1P3 S2F 1P1 S2F 2P2 S2F 2P3 S3F P1 S3F P2 S3F P3 S3F 1P1 S3F 1P2 S3F 1P3 S3F 2P1 S3F 2P2 S3F 2P3 S E E D Y E IL D ( q EFFECT OF BIOFER TILIZERS ON SEED YIELD IN CHILLI T1 - Re co m me nded do se o f NP K: 2N :6 P :8 K T2 - A zo s piri llu m + R ec om m en de d do se o f P&K T3 - Azos pirillum +75%N +R ec om mended do se of P &K T4 - Azospirillum +5%N+Reco mmended do se of P &K T5 -P SB +Re co mm e nd ed d os e o f N &K T6 -P SB +75%N +R ecomm ended dose of N&K T7 -P SB +5%P + reco mm ended dos e of N&K Fig. 1 : Effect of dates of sowing fertilisation and picking on seed yield in chilli. Fig. 4 : Effect of biofertilizers on seed yield in chilli. ST AND ARD IZAT IO N O F ID EAL RAT IO O F M ALE S T ER ILE AND R EST OR ER LINES FO R HIG H ER S EED YIELD IN CH ILL I COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT SOURCES AND LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM ON YIELDS IN CHILLI N o. o f S ee d s p e r p T REA T M ENT S T 1- C M S 2 A :1R T 2 -C M S 3 A :1R P O D Y IE L D (K g T1-1% RDF (urea +MOP ) T2-1 % R DF (A S +M OP ) T3-1 % R DF (CA N + M OP ) T4-1 % R DF ( ure a+ S OP ) T5-1 % R DF ( CA N + S OP ) T6-1 % R DF + (AS+S OP ) T7-5% ure a +MOP + 5 % T8-5% ure a +MOP + 5 %(CAN + SOP ) T9-7 5 %ure a +MOP + 2 5% T1-75 %urea +MOP %( C AN +S OP ) T11-25%ure a +MOP + 75 % T12-25 %urea +MOP %( C AN +S OP ) Fig. 2 : Standardization of ideal ratio of male sterile and restorer lines for higher seed yield in chilli. Fig. 5 : Comparative efficacy of different sources and levels of nitrogen and potassium on yields in chilli. VARIOUS DOSES OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS WITH FOLIAR SPRAYS EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN CHILLI cv LCA-353 1t/ ha + 75%RDN 1t/ ha + 1% RDN 1t/ ha + 125%RDN P O D Y IE L D (K g TREATMENT T1-2kgN/ha +2%AS T2-2kgN/ ha +2% Urea T3-2KgN/ha+2% KNo3 T4-2kgN/ ha +2%DAP T5-2kgN/ ha +.2%Agromin T6-25kgN/ ha+2%as T7-25kgN/ ha+2%urea T8-25kgN/ ha+2% KNo3 T9-25kgN/ ha+ 2% DAP T1-25kgN/ha+.2% Agromin T11-3kgN/ha+ 2% AS T12-3kgN/ha+2% Urea T13-3kgN/ha +2% KNo3 T14-3kgN/ha +2% DAP T15-3kgN/ha +.2% Agromin P O D Y E ID L (kg t/ ha + 15%RDN 5t/ ha + 75%RDN 5t/ ha + 1%RDN 5t/ha + 125% RDN + 15%RDN T9-Green 2.2 t/ ha + 75%RDN T1-Green manure@ 2.2 t/ ha + 1% RDN T11-Green manure@ 2.2 t/ha + 125% RDN T12-Green manure@ 2.2 t/ ha + 15% RDN T13- No Organic manure + 75%RDN T14- No Organic manure + 1% RDN T15- No Organic manure + 125%RDN T16-No organic manure + 15%RDN Fig. 3 : Various doses of nitrogen fertilizers with foliar sprays. (SOP)on yield and yield attributes were evaluated and concluded that the application of recommended 3 Kg/ha can be done as 5% Urea and 5% as CAN/ AS along with the recommended K 2 O of 12 Kg/ha as 5% Fig. 6 : Effect of integrated nutrient management in chilli cv LCA-353. MOP & 5% SOP to get maximum quality yields of pod and seed in chilli. To assess effectiveness of organic and inorganic nutrient package, experiments were conducted with

4 Profitable and Economic Technologies for Quality Seed Production and Enhanced Yields in Chilli 351 EFFECT OF MICRONUTRIENTS ON SEED YIELD IN CHILLI EFFECT OF VARIETIES AND SPACING ON YILED LCA 334 IN CHILLI LCA 353 S E E D Y IE L D (k T1- Boric acid 1 ppm T2 -.Zinc sulphate 1 ppm T3- Ammonium molybdate 5ppm T4.- Copper sulphate 1ppm T5- Ferrous sulphate 1 ppm T6 -.Manganese sulphate 1 ppm T7- Mixture of all T8- Multiplex 1ppm T9-. Control P O D Y I E L D (K g LCA X 15 (8,88,888 plants ha-1) 75X3 (4,44,444 plant s ha-1) 6X15 (11,11,111 plant s ha-1) 6X3 (5,55,555 plant s ha-1) Fig. 7 : Effect of micronutrient on seed yield in chilli. organic sources like green 2tha -1, farmyard 1tha -1 & 5tha -1 integrated with 75%, 1%, 125% & 15% of recommended Nitrogen of 3kgN/ha in the form of chemical fertilizer. It was concluded that the INM package of organics of with 15% recommended N as inorganic gave higher yields. However, quality produce with pods of high colour value were obtained with the INM package of organics of green -1 with 75% recommended N as inorganic (Surya Kumari et al., 29; Sateesh Kumar and Sharma, 27; Santhosh Kumar et al., 26; Nair and Peter, 199). It was recommended that spraying of mixture of all micronutrients on 3 th, 6 th, 9 th DAT was on par with commercial formulation Multiplex 1ppm sprayed at same intervals recorded highest pod yield and seed yield. (Surya Kumari et al., 29; Batra et al., 26; Sharma, 1999). In the bio-fertilizer treatments the treatments PSB + 5% recommended P + recommended does of N & K recorded highest dry pod yield and seed yield. The seed parameters like vigour increased with the application of PSB. The agronomic requirement of promising chilli varieties LCA334,LCA424,LCA353 to various plant densities viz., 8,88,888 plants ha -1 (75 15cm), 4,44,444 plants ha -1 (75 3cm) 11,11,111 plants ha -1 (6 15cm) and 5,55,555 plants ha -1 (6 3cm) were evaluated and standardized that significant superior and economic yields can be achieved at 4,44,444 plants ha -1 (75 3cm) (Bharathi and Surya Kumari, 29; Channavasavanna, 22). It can be concluded that in chilli where out crossing ranges from 4.4 to 24.7%, quality seed can be obtained at a plant density of 4,44,444 plants ha -1 (75 3cm). With regard to nutrient management an INM package of organics viz., Vermicompost/ Neemcake/ Green mannure in combination with the recommended dose of fertilizer i.e., 3N:6P:12K ha -1 applied as N in the form of 5% as Urea and remaining as Ammonium Sulphate/ Fig. 8 : Effect of varities and spacing on chilli. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate and K in the form of 5% as muriate of Potash and remaining 5% as Sulphate of Potash was found to give enhanced seed yield and profitable returns per unit area in chilli. With regard to seed, quality seed can be collected from second picking sown in the 1 st week of July with a seedling dip of the bio-fertilizers viz., Azospirillum and Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria and a micro nutrient spray of a mixture of all micro nutrients on 3 th, 6th and 9 th days of transplanting. The CMS A line to R line in the ratio of 2:1 was recommended for hybrid seed production in chillies under Lam conditions of Andhra Pradesh, India. References Bajaj, K. L. and Gurudeep Kaur (1979). Colorimetric determination of capsaicin in capsicum fruits with the folin - Ciocateu reagent. Mikrochimica Acta., 1 : Batra,V. K., Makhan Lal, O. P. Kamboj, S. K. Arora and Mange Ram Suthar (26). Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on the quality and shelf life of tomato. Haryana J. Hortic Sci., 35 (1&2) : Bharathi, S. and S. Surya Kumari (29). Agronomic requirement of promising chilli varieties to various plant densities in vertisols. Green Farming, 2(4) : Channabasavanna, A. S. (22). Effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on productivity and economics of chilli cv. Vietnam- 2. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University, 27(3) : Nair, M. and K. V. Peter (199). Organic, inorganic fertilizers and their combination yield and storage life of hot chilli. Veg. Science, 17(1) : 7-1. Kumar, Santosh, Kattimani and G. B. Sashidhara (26). Integrated nutrient management in chilli genotypes. Karnataka J. Agril. Sci.19 (3): Kumar, Sateesh and S. K. Sharma (27). Effect of integrated nutrient management strategies in tomato production. Indian J Hort., 64(1) : Panse, V. G. and P. V. Sukhatme (1985). Statistical methods for Agricultural workers (4th edn.). ICAR, New Delhi

5 352 S. Surya Kumari et al. Sharma, S. K. (1999). Effect of boron and calcium on seed production of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). Veg. Sci., 26(1) : Surya Kumari, S., S. Bharathi, V. Chenga Reddy and Khalid Ahmed (24). Andhra Agriculture Journal. 5, Golden Jublee Special Issue: Surya Kumari, S., K. Uma Jyothi, S. Bharathi and K. V. Siva Reddy (29). Integrated nutrient management studies in chilli (cv LCA353) in the vertisols of Andhra Pradesh. Green Farming, 2(4) : Surya Kumari, S., K. Uma Jyothi and K. V. Siva Reddy (29). Studies on the effect of micronutrients on yield and quality in chillies (Capsium annum L.) cv LCA-334. Green Farming. 2(4) :