Contribution to food-fish supply. Small-scale aquaculture farmers in Asia. Outline. Small-scale aquaculture farmers in Asia: Capture 80.

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1 Small-scale agriculture farms particularly imprtant in Asia Small-scale aquaculture farmers in Asia - is there a future? Michael J. Phillips Aquaculture and Genetic Imprvement WrldFish Center Outline Status and challenges Adaptatin Ways frward Our Develpment Challenge The pattern is reflected in many Asian aquaculture sectrs f farms Number f Number f farms Farm size (ha) e (ha) Farm size Surce: Thai Department f Fisheries. It is a time f unprecedented sectr grwth, prjected t cntinue Small-scale aquaculture farmers in Asia: Characterized by: Small land and water area Family scale enterprise r subsistence Family labr Family land Vulnerability They are: >80% f an estimated 12 millin aquaculture farmers in Asia? (althugh data are limited) Significant cntributrs t prductin in many cuntries Significant cntributrs t glbal farmed fish supply Imprtant fr rural develpment Imprtant fr envirnmental sustainability Highly innvative e s millin tnne Cntributin t fd-fish supply % 100 Aquaculture 40.0% Capture 80 AQ share 30.0% % % 0 0.0%

2 Demand and grwth in the aquaculture sectr shuld ffer cnsiderable pprtunities fr pverty reductin in rural areas Prductin Supply chain frm hatchery t cnsumer Services Fd availability Farm diversificatin etc Is the best being made f these pprtunities? Surprisingly, gy, many small-scale aquaculture farmers in Asia face increasing difficulties. Amngst thers: Decline in price f sme majr aquaculture cmmdities Increasing prductin csts Changing business structures fr aquaculture Rise f the supermarkets Risk management strategies f larger traders and buyers actively driving against small-scale farmers easier fr big buyers t deal with big farms with large prduct vlumes small quantities f prduct are incnvenient t larger buyers Market access requirements fr certificatin, traceability and fd safety quality assurance Recent debates n certificatin and small-scale aquaculture farmers further highlight sme f the cncerns: N certificatin scheme engages the small-scale sectr N Fair Trade scheme t date Small size and large numbers f farmers Farms may nt be frmally registered Csts - small vlumes and value f prduct frm individual farms may nt cver the csts f certificatin Lw r n market incentives Cmplex marketing channels make trace-ability difficult Middlemen r direct t a lcal market Trader-credit relatins Cmplex reprting and recrd keeping requirements The cntributin f small-farms t verall prductin is declining in sme cuntries: an example frm Thailand s shrimp industry 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Number Pnd area Prductin Small farms Large farms Internatinal markets fr aquaculture prducts are a particular difficulty fr small farmers Small-scale shrimp prducers in many Asian cuntries Freshwater prawns in Bangladesh anther emerging example with serius scial implicatins Dmestic markets in Asia an ptin fr adaptatin are nt immune. They are becming and will becme mre difficult in many Asian cuntries Supermarket grwth in Thailand, China, Indnesia.. Lw value cmmdities such as tilapia, carps Supermarkets thrive in grwing ecnmies and will cntinue t penetrate markets thrughut Asia Multi-cuntry supply chains Capacity t adapt t market and ther drivers cnstrained by special features f the small-scale aquaculture sectr Access t services fr finance, market infrmatin, technical knwledge Institutinal and plicy rientatin f gvernment and business away frm small-scale farmers Plicy rientatin ften fcused n prductin and nt equitable grwth r pverty reductin Pr sectr gvernance increases vulnerability f prer prducers Des it matter? Present trends may be delivering mre farmed fish t mre peple than ever befre? Yes, it des matter, because small-scale farming is cnsidered by many still central t rural develpment and rural pverty alleviatin in many Asian cuntries. the case fr smallhlder develpment as ne f the main ways t reduce pverty remains cmpelling.. (IPFRI, 2007) In ur prpsed Asia prgram cuntries Bangladesh, Cambdia and the Philippines certainly. Yes, r n, what are the implicatins?

3 Are there are ways fr small-scale aquaculture farmers t participate in mdern markets? Recent experiences shw psitive pr-small-scale farmer actin can result in psitive utcmes Sme cmmn features are emerging Farm level management - BMPs simple farm technlgy/management imprvements 1. Gd pnd preparatin 2. Gd quality seed selectin 3. Water quality management 4. Feed management 5. Health mnitring/bisecurity 6. Pnd bttm mnitring i 7. Disease management 8. Better Harvest and pst-harvest Practices 9. Recrd maintenance/traceability 10. Envirnmental awareness First, an example frm India - MPEDA Farmer scieties Farmer rganisatins wrking arund castal/delta creek clusters Prject Objectives Imprve shrimp farm prductin and quality Assist farmers t rganize self help grups Outcmes by 2008: Imprved farm utputs >3300 farmers >2,200 tnnes f shrimp (US$15 millin) >150 farmer scieties frmally registered Emerging cnnectins t markets Plicy change and gvernment investment Extensive farming system Avg. Prductin: 250 kg/ha/crp Alternate crpping shrimp, rice, ther crps Farm areas < 2ha, and ne tw pnds The experience demnstrated cnsiderable benefits f wrking tgether in farmer grups Infrmatin sharing prmted BMPs and reduced crp disease risks Bargaining pwer led t lwer prices buying farm inputs feed and seed Increased c-peratin led t imprvements in shared cmmn facilities (eg deepening inlets, drains etc) Prvided a strnger basis fr partnerships with gvernment and business sectr (suppliers, buyers, banks). Vlume f prduct and image f respnsible prducers created mre buyer interest. Weekly meetings Stcking at same time C-peratin In creating cmmn facilities

4 Imprved prductivity and reduced disease related lsses thrugh technlgy imprvement - BMP Reduced Disease Risks Nn BMP % 89% + 7% % 52% +20% % 42% +27% % 44% +27% Expansin t ther states Expansin t 5 states Cntract hatchery Seed Prductin AP 2001 AP Research 365 pnds OR West Gd. Risk factrs BMPs 2002 Nellre n KA Investment f US$2.5 millin in establishment f NaCSA Farm level demnstra tin GU 2003 Village level extensin 5 farmers 1 Village 10 pnds 1 Aquaclub 7 Ha 58 farmers 4 tnnes 108 pnds 58 Ha 22 tnnes TN 6 Villages Aquaclubs 3 States 5 States 130 farmers 19 Aquaclubs 28 Aquaclubs 254 pnds 736 farmers 730 farmers 173 Ha 1187 pnds 1370 pnds 40 tnnes 663 Ha 813 Ha 672 tnnes 870 t Castal states 215 Scieties 5455 farmers 6788 ha Cntinuing t share the mdel in India (and mst recently in Indnesia, and Bangladesh) Cntinue t encurage plicy change in aquaculture sectr twards farmer rganizatin MPEDA, NFDB Grw business cnnectins between small-scale farmer grups and markets wrking tgether t address barriers Build business case fr services and investing in market access fr small-farmers Even s, can such pilt successes be scaled up? Can the big fd security challenges an additinal 27 millin tnnes frm aquaculture by be met thrugh the small-scale sectr? Can private and public investment deliver the change needed? There are sme key factrs fr success, and als sme significant research questins 2005 State level expansin Fair Trade pilt prject These and ther experiences suggest that prsmall-scale farmer appraches can achieve psitive change. GU 2004 Creek level extensin Building market links in Eurpe and US KA 2002 Gvt f India plicy change Prgress BMP pnds Year Next steps in India Imprved prfitability Castal states 251 Scieties 6486 farmers 8200 ha Prmting cperatin amng stakehlders 1) The small-scale aquaculture sectr is generally recgnized, but we need t knw mre abut structure and its scial, ecnmic and envirnmental imprtance Dev. Agencies Financial Institutes Input suppliers Research Institutes Imprters/ Retailers y Farmer Sciety Prcessrs/ Exprters NGOs Standard Develpers Aquaculture big g numbers? Raise the prfile 4

5 2) Imprving technlgies fr efficient and cmpetitive farming Key elements f success in India and elsewhere cntinue t demnstrate the imprtance f imprving technlgy and yields: Access t quality inputs Better management f inputs Recgnize that technlgy can nly deliver change in the right cntext: Knwledge and skills Markets and services Institutins and plicy Investment Risk levels 5) Aquaculture and ecsystems understand envirnmental values f small-scale farming and aquaculture Small-scale farm pnds are abut mre than fish.. value can be added thrugh the benefits prvided fr: Human health Bidiversity Water strage Resilient livelihds Farm t landscape levels Climate change and small-farms Pnds Rice Landscape and glbal impacts? 3) We need t address questins f human develpment impact arund ptins fr aquaculture grwth Mre prductin? 1 millin tnnes frm 1,000 medium r large enterprises (eg Mekng catfish?) Mre farmers? 1 millin tnnes frm 1,000,000 small-scale farmers (enterprises) Cmbinatin f bth? Cnsider Efficiencies f scale? Return n investments required? Equity f develpment? Envirnmental impacts? Supply chain participatin and beneficiaries What are the cnditins fr success? Better understanding is required f the envirnmental case fr supprting imprved management and develpment f small-scale aquaculture, and hw t capture thse values (carbn credits?): Small-scale farms cllectively cver large areas f castal and inland land and use significant resurces at a landscape scale Increasing recgnitin f the imprtance f small-scale farms in the climate change mitigatin and adaptatin agenda what is the rle f aquaculture? 4) Building farmer-riented institutins fr delivering services and inputs Farmers wrking tgether in frmal/infrmal grups shw prmise, but wh will take the initiative? What are the incentives fr gvernment, business, NGOs t engage? There can be a strng business case - India investments in 2006 delivered US$2 millin additinal prfit frm $80,000 in technical servicing Private-public partnerships? Natinal research, extensin and educatin systems riented twards the small-scale sectr and innvatin Mdern IT/cmmunicatin systems? Need fr institutinal experiments/ experience 7) Develp and prmte business riented slutins fr the small-scale aquaculture sectr Business incentives and investments essential fr grwth f small-scale aquaculture sectr, beynd subsistence level Opprtunities fr private investment t supprt millins f small-scale farmers?: Micr-finance services Technical and marketing services Infrmatin services Input packaging and delivery Crprate scial respnsibility initiatives prmted in the small-scale aquaculture sectr, particularly amng larger dmestic and internatinal buyers currently driving against small-scale suppliers Cnsiderable research pprtunities fr develpment f business slutins

6 6) Marketing systems Beynd subsistence, sme degree f understanding f markets and rganized marketing is imprtant fr successful small- scale aquaculture. Key pints relate t: Prmtin f dmestic and internatinal market chain partnerships Prmting the cncept f mre scially respnsible seafd cnsumer cmmunity Market infrmatin tls fr small-scale farmers Better understanding f dmestic and reginal demands vs internatinal markets Explring value added pprtunities Addressing price variability (Fair Trade price structures?)? Rle f niche markets (Fair Trade?) Our research t supprt achievement f this Develpment Challenge. Integrated, multi-disciplinary apprach t address the varius questins arund small-scale aquaculture, r infrmed develpment slutins fr ther ptins Partnerships Recent prgram cuntry apprach prvides further pprtunities fr an integrated apprach t impact Cnsiderable research needs at cuntry and internatinal levels 7) Gvernment plicy and investments better reflecting the requirements fr the small-scale sectr Infrmed chices cncerning equitable develpment ptins Features f small-scale farmer riented plicy Supprting farmer grup frmatin Technical and marketing services fr small-scale aquaculture prducers Market access fr small-scale prducers Infrmatin services fr rural farmers Access t financial services Incentives fr private investment in small-scale aquaculture prductin and services [Rural infrastructure] Scial safety nets and alternatives fr mst vulnerable S, is there a future fr small-scale aquaculture in Asia? Yes, but many challenges remain if this imprtant sectr can cntinue t make cntributins t reductin f hunger and pverty The crucial rle f small-scale aquaculture farmers in aquaculture prductin and trade shuld be recgnized and the prfile raised Pr small-scale plicy and investment is essential frm public and private sectrs t deliver equitable develpment utcmes. There are als many pprtunities fr research t address challenges and deliver slutins t the cnstraints and pprtunities fr the sectr Develpment Challenge fr Sustainable Aquaculture We define SA as aquaculture that: prvides fd, nutritin and ecnmic pprtunity fr thse wh mst need it Thank yu fr yur attentin uses ecsystem services wisely and efficiently, aviding the accumulatin f envirnmental prblems fr the future is integrated int natinal ecnmies in ways that maximize its develpment impact