Putting Together a Plan

Transcription

1 Nutrient Management for Vegetable Crops: Putting Together a Plan Liz Maynard, Wenjing Guan, Petrus Langenhoven January 11, 2017 Indiana Horticultural Congress 1

2 $$ Fertilizer Cost 15-50% preharvest variable costs 3 10% Gross Returns a. Fig. 2. Black rot at EcoHio and LIFE Farms. a. Soil amendment effects. Foliar Black Rot Sympto ms (%) FT NS VD VM 0 6/25 7/5 7/15 7/25 Date

3 Inputs: Fertilizers Organic Matter Nitrogen Fixation NH 4 + NO 3 - soil solution H 2 PO 4 2- SO 4 - K + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Fe H+ H+ K+ Ca++ Ca++ H+ soil organic matter Ca++ H+ K+ H+ cation exchange sites H+ Losses: Leaching Plant Removal Erosion Denitrification soil minerals E. Maynard Purdue Univ.

4 Putting Together a Plan Soil Type Health Mineral nutrients Crop rotation plans Previous cash and cover crop Intended crop Future cover and cash crops Environmental concerns Indiana Fertilizer Application Rule and Licensing inagnutrients-public.sharepoint.com

5 N (Lb/1000 sq. ft.) Nitrogen Recommendations for Vegetable Crops 140 lb. /A 100 lb. /A 200 lb. /A Adapted from Warncke et al Beans, snap Peas Asparagus, established Radish Sweet potato Cucumber, slicers Pumpkin Squash, hard Squash, summer Zucchini Turnip Muskmelon Watermelon Beets, red Crop N (lb./1000 sq. ft.) Beans, snap 0.9 Peas 0.9 Asparagus, established 1.1 Radish 1.1 Sweet potato 1.4 Cucumber, slicers 1.8 Pumpkin 1.8 Squash, hard 1.8 Squash, summer 1.8 Zucchini 1.8 Turnip 2.1 Muskmelon 2.3 Watermelon 2.3 Beets, red 2.3 Greens, leafy 2.3 Rutabaga 2.3 Swiss chard 2.3 Lettuce, leaf 2.3 Carrots, fresh market 2.3 Parsley 2.3 Parsnip 2.3 Pepper, bell 2.3 Eggplant 2.8 Tomato, fresh market 2.8 Sweet corn 2.8 Cabbage, Chinese 2.8 Pak choi 2.8 Garlic 2.8 Greens, leafy Rutabaga Swiss chard Lettuce, leaf Carrots, fresh market Parsley Parsnip Pepper, bell Eggplant Tomato, fresh market Sweet corn Cabbage, Chinese Pak choi Garlic Onion, green Broccoli Brussels sprouts Cabbage, fresh market Cauliflower Kohlrabi Lettuce, head Lettuce, romaine Market garden Celeriac Leek Spinach Onion, green 3.0 Broccoli 3.2 Brussels sprouts 3.2 Cabbage, fresh market 3.2 Cauliflower 3.2 Kohlrabi 3.2 Lettuce, head 3.2 Lettuce, romaine 3.2 Market garden 3.2 Celeriac 3.4 Leek 3.4 Spinach 3.9 Potato Onion, dry bulb Celery, fresh market Potato 4.1 Onion, dry bulb 4.4 Celery, fresh market 4.6

6 Yield Response to Fertilizer Rate: N and Tomatoes Source: Maynard, unpublished data. Funded by MAFPA.

7 N Credits: Useful for Estimating N Needed from Fertilizer Previous Crop Alfalfa, established Clover, established Nitrogen Credit lb/a N 40 + % stand % stand Warncke et al Wheat + Legume % stand Soybeans 30 7

8 N Credits: Useful for Estimating N Needed from Fertilizer Cover Crops Need to know dry weight of cover crop/a and percent N Managing Cover Crops Profitably: BUILDING SOIL FERTILITY AND TILTH WITH COVER CROPS Soil Organic Matter 8

9 Phosphorus (P) Build-up: Amount based on soil test plus the maintenance amount Maintenance: Amount removed by harvested portion of crop Soil Test P* Phosphorus (ppm) Application < 35 Build-up Maintenance > 80 None needed *Bray-Kurtz P1 extraction. Warncke et al

10 Adapted from Warncke et al P2O5 Removed in Harvested Vegetables (lb/ton) P2O5 Removed (lb/ton) Lb. / 100 lb Watermelon Rhubarb Radish Tomato, fresh market Tomato, processing Broccoli Cucumber, slicers Pumpkin Swiss chard Turnip Pepper, banana Pepper, bell Pepper, hot Cabbage, fresh market Eggplant Zucchini Carrots, fresh market Celery, fresh market Greens, leafy Lettuce, leaf Muskmelon Beets, red Squash, hard Squash, summer Beans, snap Sweet potato Cauliflower Onion, dry bulb Onion, green Potato Spinach Garlic Market garden Sweet corn Brussels sprouts Parsnip Asparagus, established Peas

11 Potassium (K) Build-up: Amount based on soil test plus the maintenance amount Maintenance: Amount removed by harvested portion of crop Soil K (ppm) Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100g) Potassium Application 4 16 <85 <115 Build-up Maintenance >135 >165 None needed Warncke et al

12 14 K2O Removed in Harvested Vegetables (lb/ton) K2O Removed (lb/ton) Lb. / 100 lb Adapted from Warncke et al Watermelon Cucumber, slicers Turnip Onion, dry bulb Onion, green Eggplant Radish Pepper, banana Pepper, bell Pepper, hot Garlic Market garden Sweet corn Greens, leafy Zucchini Squash, hard Squash, summer Cauliflower Pumpkin Cabbage, fresh market Carrots, fresh market Rhubarb Tomato, fresh market Tomato, processing Beets, red Lettuce, leaf Parsnip Swiss chard Brussels sprouts Asparagus, established Peas Broccoli Muskmelon Beans, snap Celery, fresh market Spinach Potato Sweet potato

13 Pumpkins Soil Texture Silt loam OM 2.4% ph 6.1 P (ppm, Bray P1) 45 K (ppm) 115 CEC (meq/100 g) 16 Previous crop: soybeans Following crop: cover crop(?), then field corn 13

14 Pumpkins Nitrogen: Preplant: 50 Sidedress: Total: lb./a MW Veg Prod Guide 2017 (ID-56) p. 104 Sidedressing N not needed if soil organic matter is greater than 3% and following a legume 14

15 Pumpkins Phosphorus 0 to 150 lb /A P 2 O 5 depending on soil test For this example: 36 lb./a P 2 O 5 Soil Test P Expected Yield (tons/a) (ppm) Recommended Lb. P2O5/A Warncke et al

16 Pumpkins Potassium 0 to 200 lb /A K 2 O depending on soil test For this example: 170 lb./a K 2 O Soil K Expected Yield (tons/a) (ppm) CEC-> Recommended Lb. K2O/A Warncke et al

17 Pumpkins. Option 1. Preplant: 36 lb./a N from 80 lb. urea (45-0-0) 14 lb./a N and 36 lb. P2O5 from 78 lb. DAP banded 2x2 170 lb./a K2O from 283 lb. KCl (0-0-60) Sidedress: 30 lb./a N from 10 gallons 28% UAN Formulas: 1. Lbs. nutrient per A divided by % nutrient in the fertilizer (written as a decimal, e.g. 10% = 0.10) = Lbs. fertilizer per A 2. Lbs. fertilizer per A times % nutrient in the fertilizer (written as a decimal) = Lbs. nutrient per A Urea: (N-P2O5-K2O) 36 lb./a divided by 0.45 = 80 lb./a DAP: lb./a divided by 0.18 = 78 lb./a 36 lb./a divided by 0.46 = 78 lb./a KCl: lb./a divided by 0.60 = 283 lb./a UAN: , lb./gal 30 lb./a divided by 0.28 = 107 lb.a UAN 107 lb./10.65 lb./gal = 10 gal 17

18 Pumpkins: Example cost of nutrients Nutrient Source Lb/A UAN Urea A N A S SuperP DAP KCl N Pre 50 $34 $33 $39 $62 N SD 30 $20 $20 $23 $37 P2O5 Pre 36 $28 $25 K2O Pre 170 $84 N Pre/DAP 36 $25 $24 $28 $45 Prices for Mar from Agricultural Prices, National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA. Table

19 Nutrient Source UAN Urea A N A S DAP Price ($) Unit (lb) % N $/lb. N $.68 $.66 $.78 $1.24 $1.78 Lb./A $/A $34 $33 $39 $62 $89 Calculating cost of nutrients (Price-$ / Unit-lb) (%N / 100) = Price-$ / lb. N $ / lb. N X Lb./A = $/A 19

20 Pumpkins - Monitoring and Adjusting In Season Pre-sidedress soil nitrate test 1 week before sidedress Leaf samples for tissue analysis: 5 weeks after seeding, or prior to sidedressing 20

21 Tomatoes Soil Texture Sandy loam OM 1.8% ph 6.8 P (ppm, Bray P1) 54 K (ppm) 115 CEC (meq/100 g) 6.0 Previous crop: Cole crops Following crop: winter rye, then melons 21

22 Tomatoes Nitrogen: Preplant: 30 Transplant starter: Sidedress: Total: lb./a MW Veg Prod Guide 2017 (ID-56) p Reduce by credits from legumes and soil organic matter greater than 3% 22

23 MW Veg Prod Guide 2017 (ID- 56) p Tomatoes Nitrogen: Preplant: 30 Transplant starter: Sidedress: Total: lb./a Reduce by credits from legumes and soil organic matter greater than 3% 23

24 Tomatoes Phosphorus 0 to 240 lb /A P 2 O 5 depending on soil test For this example: 24 lb./a P 2 O 5 Soil Test P Expected Yield (tons/a) (ppm) Lb. P2O5/A Warncke et al

25 Tomatoes Potassium 0 to 300 lb /A K 2 O depending on soil test For this example: 210 lb./a K 2 O Soil K Expected Yield (tons/a) (ppm) CEC-> Lb. K2O/A Warncke et al

26 Acres or Linear Bed Feet? Acres Linear Bed Feet (LBF) 175 ft. X 90 ft. = 15,750 ft 2 Beds on 5-ft centers 175 ft. 15,750 ft 2 / 43,560 ft 2 /A = 175 ft. 175 ft. X 18 beds = 3,150 LBF 0.36 A 90 ft. 90 ft. 26

27 Bed Spacing LBF/A (ft.) Fertilizer Rate (lb/a) Fertilizer Rate (lb./lbf) 3 14, , , , , See pp of 2017 ID-56 Fertilizer Rates per Linear Bed Foot 27

28 Tomatoes Option LBF Nitrogen: Preplant: 3.4 lb N from 7.6 lb. urea. Broadcast or work into bed during formation. Transplant starter: 0.27 lb. N from 30 fl.oz Fertigate: 8.0 lb. N 5.0 lb. N from Calcium nitrate, 32.4 lb. 3.2 lb. CN per week for 10 weeks 3.0 lb. N from Potassium nitrate, 21.2 lb. 2.1 lb. KN per week for 10 weeks Total: 11.7 lb./1000 LBF Cost: $ $ $15.58= $34.62 (does not include starter) Calculations for starter fertilizer Recommended rate is 48 fl.oz in 50 gal. solution, use 8 oz. per plant. 1. How much is needed? Assume 500 plants X 8 fl.oz. solution per plant = 31 gal. of solution needed for 1000 LBF For 31 gal. of solution, use 31/48 = 30 fl.oz How much N and P2O5 is in the solution? 1 gallon weighs lb. 30 fl.oz. of weighs (30/128)X11.65 = 2.7 lb is 10% N by weight and 34% P2O5 2.7 lb X 0.10 = 0.27 lb. N 2.7 lb. X 0.34 = 0.93 lb. P2O5 28

29 Tomatoes Option 2., cont LBF Phosphorus: Starter: 0.93 lb. P 2 O 5 from 30 fl.oz Total: 0.93 lb./1000 LBF Cost: $0.61 Potassium: Preplant: 9.75 lb K 2 O from 16.3 lb. potassium chloride (0-0-60). Broadcast or work into bed during formation. Fertigate: 9.75 lb K 2 O from 21.2 lb. potassium nitrate 2.1 lb. KN per week for 10 weeks Total: 19.5 lb./1000 LBF Cost: $ $15.58 (already included in N cost) N-P-K Total cost: $

30 Tomatoes - Monitoring and Adjusting In Season Leaf samples for tissue analysis: First flower* Early fruit set* First ripe fruit During harvest period 30

31 Tomatoes Option LBF Nitrogen: Preplant: 4.4 lb. N from hairy vetch/rye cover crop, killed early May 3.4 lb. N from 48.6 lb organic fertilizer (assume 7% available) 0.8 lb. N from 4 bushels (140 lb) compost (assume 0.6% available) Sidedress: 2.9 lb. N if needed from 41 lb Total: 11.5 lb./1000 LBF Cost for : $58 If soil is high in organic matter and there is a history of adding organic soil amendments, may not be needed National Organic Program regulates which soil amendments permitted in organic production. OMRI.org Prices for from price paid in 2013 for bagged product. 31

32 Tomatoes Option 3., cont LBF Phosphorus: Preplant: 2.8 lb. from 4 bushels (140 lb.) compost (3-2-2) Total: 2.8 lb./1000 LBF Cost:?? Potassium: Preplant: 2.8 lb K 2 O from 4 bushels (140 lb.) compost (3-2-2) 16.7 lb K 2 O from 33 lb. potassium sulfate (0-0-52) Total: 19.5 lb./1000 LBF Cost for potassium sulfate: $15 - $40 Cost of bagged N and K2O: $73 - $98 Plus: cover crop seed, compost Prices for K S from wholesale supplier web site and price quote in

33 Efficient Fertilizer Use Close to time of crop use -when loss is likely -side or top-dressing, split application, fertigation In root zone of crop Keep irrigation water in the root zone Apply based on crop need Weed management Disease and insect management

34 Cover Crops and Nutrient Management Nutrient scavenging at end of crop season Nutrient uptake from deeper in soil Nitrogen fixation Organic matter production Improve biological activity 34

35 Recordkeeping Soil test results Lime: type and tons/a Fertilizers: Type, analysis, lbs./a Application method Other soil amendments Type, nutrient content, lbs./a Tissue test results Cover crops: Species, seeding rates, plant and termination dates, termination method 35

36 Resources Midwest Vegetable Production Guide for 2017 (ID-56) mwveguide.org/ Purdue Education Store edustore.purdue.edu Soil Sampling for P, K, and Lime AY-281-W Nutrient Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Michigan (E2934) msue.anr.msu.edu/resources/nutrient_recommendations_for_vegetable_crops_in_michigan _e2934 Managing Cover Crops Profitably: BUILDING SOIL FERTILITY AND TILTH WITH COVER CROPS Using the Pre-Sidedress Soil Nitrate Test to Improve Nitrogen Management in Vegetable Cropping Systems. Indiana Nutrient Management/Soil Health

37 Additional References Handbook of Plant Nutrition. Edited by Allen V. Barker, David J. Pilbeam. Taylor & Francis Group Phosphorus Fertilizers in Penn State Agronomy Guide Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences extension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec2/sec28b

38 Liz Maynard Clinical Engagement Assistant Professor and Vegetable Extension Specialist Dept. of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Purdue University PO Box 1759 Valparaiso, IN