Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Poultry Production Farms. Dr. C. S. Dunkley Dept. Poultry Science University of Georgia

Transcription

1 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Poultry Production Farms Dr. C. S. Dunkley Dept. Poultry Science University of Georgia

2 Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) Methane (CH 4 ) Hydroflorocarbons (HFCs) Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) Of specific interest to the animal produc4on industry

3 Introduc?on GHG Emissions from Animal Agriculture (EPA 2013) Agriculture is responsible for 6.9% of the GHG emissions in the US 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 37% 15% Of this 6.9%, 10% 53.5% comes 5% from animal 0% agriculture 11.50% 4.40% 0.60% Beef ca'le Dairy ca'le Swine Poultry

4 Introduc?on Recent findings Chicken kg CO 2 e/kg of product at farm gate (Pelle4er, 2008) Beef kg CO 2 e/kg of product at farm gate (Pelle4er et al., 2010) Pork kg CO 2 e/kg of product at farm gate (Pelle4er, 2010)

5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Livestock Category and Source in 2005 Enteric Fermenta?on Managed Livestock Waste CH 4 CH 4 N 2 O Total Animal Type Tg CO 2 equivalent Dairy Ca'le Beef Ca'le Swine Horses Poultry Sheep Goats Total

6 Farmgate Emissions per kg consumed meat Enteric Fermenta?on CH4 Feed Produc?on Manure N20 Manure CH4 On- farm Energy Use Beef Ca'le Poultry

7 LCA Emissions for Beef Ca'le, Swine and Poultry kg CO2e/kg consumed meat Beef Ca'le Swine Poultry 3.3 Produc?on Emissions Post- produc?on Emissions

8 What is the Poultry Industry Doing? 1. Adapting to climate change 2. Identify areas of emissions 3. Abatement or mitigation strategies to reduce emissions 4. Design calculation tools specifically for poultry

9 Adaptation of the Poultry Industry to Climate Change

10 Measuring GHG emissions from Poultry Production Farms The poultry producer can only control what occurs on his farm Boundary is made within the farm-gate i.e., only what occurs within the farm-gate is calculated

11 Identifying Sources of Emissions Data Collection Survey consisting of 24 questions Distribute to growers Analyze data Divide the emissions into 2 types

12 Types of Emissions Mechanical Purchased Electricity Mobile machinery Stationary machinery Refrigerant use Non-mechanical Enteric Fermentation Manure management

13 Non- mechanical Non-mechanical CH 4 emissions Most of the poultry manure is stored in dry storage under aerobic conditions CH 4 production from animal manure increases with temperature and increased moisture

14 Non- mechanical Non-mechanical N 2 O emissions Manure Management: Direct emissions from nitrification and denitrification of the organic nitrogen in the manure and urine Indirect emissions from volatization, run-off and leaching of nitrogen during treatment storage and transportation N 2 O emission will occur in manure that is stored aerobically

15 Poultry Carbon-Footprint Calculation Tool (PCFC Tool)For Poultry Production Farms Individual poultry farms- boundaries are within the farm-gate Broiler grow-out farms Breeder farms Pullet farms Estimates ghg emissions CO 2 emissions CH 4 emissions N 2 O emissions Generates a ghg inventory Generates emission distribution charts Recommendations to reduce emissions

16 Tool Design Spreadsheet calculation tool IPCC emissions factors IPCC equations Global Warming Potentials (IPCC 1996) CO 2-1 CH 4-21 N 2 O- 310

17 Tool design Type of emissions (mechanical or nonmechanical) Utilize the region where the farm is located Calculates based on the type of operation

18 Tool Input Energy Input- used to generate Mechanical Emissions Fuel Use Type of fuel Amount of fuel Electricity Use kwatt usage Farm Input- used to generate Non-mechanical Emissions Farm type Number of houses Number of birds per flock Number of flocks per year Number of days to raise flock

19 Tool At the end of the calcula4on; An inventory will be generated showing the year the calcula4on was done and allows comparison of the current emissions to the previous years Can be printed used as a record Recommenda4ons can be made and results shown in the inventory

20 Greenhouse Gas Inventory

21 Out-put Comparison Chart

22 Out-Put Percentage Chart

23 Results Mechanical Emissions 100% ~96% of GHG emitted on broiler and pullet farms is from propane use ~82% of GHG emitted on breeder farms is from electricity use CO 2 equivalent 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Broiler House Breeder House Pullet House Sta?onary Combus?on Transporta?on Fuel Purchased Electricity

24 Results Mechanical Emissions 900 Avg. broiler house emits ~790 tonne CO 2 e Avg. breeder house emits ~35 tonne CO 2 e tonnes CO 2 e/yr Avg. pullet house emits ~448 tonne CO 2 e Broiler House Breeder House Pullet House Sta?onary Combus?on Transporta?on Fuel Purchased Electricity

25 Results Non-Mechanical Emissions tonnes CO 2 e/yr Broiler Houses Breeder Houses Pullet Houses Layer Houses N2O emissions CH4 Emissions

26 Reducing GHG emissions Reducing energy use will also reduce the amount of GHGs that is emitted Reduction must to be done on a farm by farm basis Reduce propane use by preventing heat loss; Enclose houses that are not solid walls Insulate curtain openings, walls and ceiling

27 Emissions based on house age Total GHG Age of house in years Tonnes CO2 equivalents

28 Three houses with similar age but different type of construction Tonnes CO2e Combina?on sides Curtain sided Solid walled Diesel kwh Propane Total GHG

29 Four farms with similar age and structure houses Tonnes CO2e House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 Diesel kwh Propane Total GHG

30 Tool Input Recommendations: previous research shows the majority of emissions are from energy use (Dunkley et al. 2015). Installing attic inlets Enclosing curtain-sided walls Replacing tunnel curtains with insulated doors Installing circulation fans Replacing pancake brooders/furnaces with radiant heating Replacing pilot lit radiant brooders with spark ignition brooders Replacing incandescent lights with fluorescent or LED lights Replacing gas incinerator with drum composter

31 Recommendations

32 Limita?ons of the tool The current tool cannot es?mate emissions from: Commercial layers Tool can be expanded to include this Enteric fermenta?on Will be included as soon as the emissions factors for poultry are available