INTERPRETIVE TECHNIQUES FOR MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Transcription

1 INTERPRETIVE TECHNIQUES FOR MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

2 INTERPRETIVE TECHNIQUES FOR MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Edited by James L. McCall Battelle-Columbus Laboratories Columbus, Ohio and P. M. French Westinghouse Electric Corporation Cheswick, Pennsylvania PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON

3 Main entry under title: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Interpretive techniques for microstructural analysis. "Proceedings of a symposium... held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 29-30, 1975." Includes index. 1. Metallography-Congresses. I. McCall, James L. II. French, Peter Michael, TN ' ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / Proceedings of a symposium on Interpretive Techniques for Microstructural Analysis held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 29-30, Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1977 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

4 PREFACE In recent years microstructural analysis has been a rapidly changing field of scientific endeavor. No longer are the efforts of the microstructural analysts (sometimes referred to as metallographers, materialographers, ceramographers, and similar designations) limited to the tasks of polishing, etching, and photographing specimens of materials. The performance demanded of materials used for many current applications requires much more complete characterizations than were possible only a scant few years ago. Although the individuals who have been expected to develop new and improved techniques to permit these required characterizations have been severely challenged, in large part they have met the challenge. In view of the many new developments in the field of microstructural analysis and recognizing the requirements to communicate these developments to the wide audience that might make use of them, the American Society for Metals and the International Metallographic Society joined forces to co-sponsor a symposium that was intended to bring participants and attendees up to date on the subject "Interpretive Techniques for Microstructural Analysis". This symposium was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, June 29 and 30, It followed two earlier symposia co-sponsored by the same two societies on other subjects of current interest to the metallographic community, Microstructural Analysis - Tools and Techniques, 1972, and Metallographic Specimen Preparation - Optical and Electron Microscopy, The interest shown in the recent symposium encouraged us to publish the presented papers in this volume. We felt these proceedings would serve as a useful reference for all those involved in analyzing microstructures of materials, either on a practical or a theoretical level. A symposium of the type that was conducted would not have been so successful or, for that matter, even possible, without the combined efforts of many individuals. But special thanks are owed to Mr. J.M. Hoegfeldt, General Chairman of the 1975 International Metallographic Convention of which this symposium was a part. The cooperation of both co-sponsoring societies was assured through several individuals, most directly, Mr. Oren Huber of the American Society for Metals and Dr. E.D. Albrecht of the International Metallographic Society. Finally, we thank Connie McCall for her efforts in putting all the various contributions into a uniform style and in typing and laying them out into camera-ready copy. We hope a useful document has resulted from the combined efforts of these and many more unnamed individuals. James L. McCall Battelle-Columbus Laboratories P.M. French Westinghouse Electric Corporation v

5 CONTENTS M.D. Adams BASIC PHOTOGRAPHIC OPTICS FOR THE METALLURGIST.... L.E. Samuels PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS R.S. Crouse, R.J. Gray, and B.C. Leslie APPLICATIONS OF COLOR IN METALLOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAPHY 43 M. Nahmmacher MEASURING WITH THE OPTICAL MICROSCOPE..., H.E. Rosenberger DIFFERENTIAL INTERFERENCE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY H.E. Keller SURFACE TOPOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION EMPLOYING OPTICAL METHODS; SURVEY OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE METHODS Anton F. Mohrnheim MICROHARDNESS TESTING AND HARDNESS NUMBERS Robert Z. Muggli and Walter C. McCrone NON-AMBIENT TEMPERATURE MICROSCOPY J.H. Evans REMOTE METALLOGRAPHY Mary E. Cox HOLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPY Jerry L. Woodbury ACHIEVING OPTIMUM OPTICAL PERFORMANCE THROUGH A CUSTOM I ZED MAl NTENANCE PROG RAM AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX vii

6 INTERPRETIVE TECHNIQUES FOR MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS