WHY STUDY POPULATION???

Transcription

1 POPULATION

2 WHY STUDY POPULATION??? It is important to understand where and why a region s population is distributed as it is in order to know how to increase food supply, reduce pollution, and encourage economic growth

3

4 DEMOGRAPHY The study of population characteristics, including: Age Gender Occupation Ethnicity Fertility Health Etc.

5 WHAT ARE THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF YOUR CLASS? Look around you What is the male to female ratio? How many Caucasian? African American? Hispanic? Etc Ages: 14-16? Employed vs. Unemployed? These are the demographics of your class!

6 THE MOST POPULOUS REGIONS East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe The similarities of these regions: All live near the coast 4/5 of the world s population lives within 500 miles of the ocean Low lying, fertile land Temperate climate 90% live in the Northern Hemisphere

7 ASIA 50% of the world s population lives on 10% of the Earth s land It is divided between three regions: East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia

8 EAST ASIA China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, and Taiwan Makes up 1/5 of the world s population China: 5/6 of the population of East Asia 2/3 of the population in rural areas Japan and South Korea: 3/4 of the population in urban areas

9 SOUTH ASIA India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Makes up 1/5 of the world s population India: 3/4 of the population of South Asia Highest concentration runs from West Pakistan to the Bay of Bengal 3/4 of the population lives in rural areas

10 Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, etc. SOUTHEAST ASIA Concentrated in Java, the Philippines, and the river valleys of Indochina Most live in rural areas

11 WESTERN EUROPE 1/9 of the world s population 3/4 of the population lives in urban cities Highest concentrations in the coalfields of England, Germany, and Belgium Less than 20% of the population is agricultural

12 POPULATION IN CHINA The first Communist leader of China, Mao Zedong, encouraged people to have babies Strength in numbers By 1979, the population of China had reached 937 million people

13 THE ONE CHILD POLICY It is a policy, NOT a law! The Chinese government began implementing the policy in 1979 to curb the rapid population growth Either a decrease in population was necessary or people would starve

14 THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS TO EVERY RULE! It is mainly enforced in urban areas More children are needed in rural areas to help with farming Exceptions also include: Multiples If the firstborn is a girl If the child dies Disabilities If the parent remarries If either parent is an only child (NEW in 2013!) Have you taken your birth control today???

15 UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES A Death of Girls: Planned abortions for girls Infanticide (postpartum killing) A Surplus of Men: There are currently 32 million more boys than girls The Problem: Each child will eventually care for both parents and all four grandparents

16 UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES CONT Negative Population Growth: Astounding low fertility rate of 1.5 Eventually the labor force will begin to decline Little Emperors : AKA Only Child Syndrome Highly indulgent, selfish, and improperly socialized

17 MEASURES OF POPULATION CHANGE

18 CRUDE BIRTH RATE CBR The total number of live births per 1,000 people in a region per year

19 CRUDE DEATH RATE CDR Total number of deaths per 1,000 people alive in a region per year

20 NATURAL INCREASE RATE NIR The percentage of population growth in one year

21 TOTAL FERTILITY RATE TFR Total number of births per woman in a region

22 INFANT MORTALITY RATE IMR Total number of infants under age one who die compared to live births per 1,000 people in a region per year

23 LIFE EXPECTANCY Measures the average number of years a newborn is expected to live

24 LIFE EXPECTANCY SINCE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

25 DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

26 WHY IS POPULATION INCREASING AT DIFFERENT RATES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES? THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

27 THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION The process of change in a society s population, based on culture and economic conditions

28 Longest period in human history (several-hundred-thousandyears) The population was relatively unchanging and comparable STAGE 1: LOW GROWTH Most were hunter-gatherers The Agricultural Revolution: 8,000 BC Domesticated plants and animals Permanent settlements Population rose from 5 to 800 million War, Disease, & Famine kept people in Stage 1

29 Every country made it out of Stage 1 Stage 2 began around 1750 due to the start of the Industrial Revolution: Factories, mass production, trains, etc. Created more wealth and health Agricultural production led to more food STAGE 2: HIGH GROWTH CDR falls, CBR constant = rapid population growth Moved Europe and North America into Stage 2

30 THE MEDICAL REVOLUTION Countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America moved into Stage 2 in the second half of the 20 th century (1950) Improved medical practices Vaccines Lowered causes of death Longer life expectancies

31 CDR continues to fall; CBR begins to fall; Natural Increase Rate becomes moderate STAGE 3: MODERATE GROWTH Europe, North America, most of Asia, and Latin America now in Stage 3 Caused by social changes: 1. Lower infant mortality rate = lower fertility rate 2. Urbanization: Didn t need children to work on the farms Less space

32 Zero Population Growth: CDR roughly equals CBR (equilibrium) The total fertility rate does not produce population change over a long term Fertility Rate = approximately 2.1 STAGE 4: LOW GROWTH Caused by social changes: Women enter the workforce Birth Control Adult Recreational Activities (travelling, nightlife, etc.)

33 Which countries are in Stage 4?

34

35 STAGE 5: WHAT S NEXT??? Negative population growth; CDR higher than CBR Problems in Europe, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Russia

36 PRO-NATAL POLICIES Policies that encourage birth Extended paid maternity leave Tax credits for children Flexible hours at work for parents Free or heavily subsidized daycare Cash payout to get pregnant (Russia, Japan)