Changing the Face of the Waters Meeting the promise and challenge of sustainable aquaculture

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1 Workshop on Fisheries and Aquaculture in Southern Africa Changing the Face of the Waters Meeting the promise and challenge of sustainable aquaculture Kieran Kelleher Senior Fisheries Specialist

2 contents trends and investments lessons from Asia and elsewhere: pro-poor aquaculture technology transfer environmentally friendly aquaculture diagnosis for Sub-Saharan Africa strategic options banking on aquaculture

3 Why aquaculture? Growing food gap Aquaculture 43% global food fish supplies 7.8kg Africa 6-9 million tons needed by 2020 improved nutrition, health and food security Poverty alleviation and wealth creation direct/ indirect employment, economic opportunities for women, income diversification, Economic development and trade Environmental services on-farm synergies water and waste wealth from water bodies relieve pressure on capture fisheries?

4 Challenges realizing the untapped potential, e.g. < 2% of Sub-Saharan Saharan African fish production < 7% of Latin American production equity and poverty livelihoods, poverty alleviation access to waters and land trade and food security environmental sustainability e.g. Viet Nam $1.5 4 billion

5 Trends - increasing productivity tracking livestock and agriculture intensification diversification species, culture systems integration and consolidation contracting supply chains price declines and expanding markets improved quality

6 Trends technology & environment seeds, feeds and disease (oil, vaccines, plants) technology for the poor (GIFT), GMOs? integrated production systems closed systems (Netherlands, Israel, USA) open systems (Calcutta/ China) environmentally friendly (Norway) healthy traceable organic - certified products convergence aquaculture and EAF China governance playing catch-up environment, regulations, technologies, impacts offshore cages, carbon sequestration (USA, EU)

7 Healthy, environmentally friendly Salmon and trout (1000 tons) Salmonid production Antibiotic use Antibiotic use (tons)

8 A knowledge-based industry Species group Percent gain in growth rate per generation Number of generations Salmonids Channel catfish Tilapia Carp 30 2 Shrimp Bivalves (oysters, clam, scallop)

9 Changes in prices and production for genetically improved species Product Period Price decline Production increase Atlantic salmon 1986/ % 3108% Pacific whiteleg shrimp Recent 62% 854% ( ) Japanese eel % 159% Common carp % 397% Tilapia % 164% Inbreeding China/ Bangladesh 20 to 30% productivity decline

10 large-scale aquascape change and biodiversity loss and threats, eg genetic

11 Development assistance: The World Bank Group WB $1 billion since 74 90% Asia/ China IFC $71m since 92 (e.g. Madagascar) Asia: successful, sustained long-term investment in institutions, technology and capacity building and finance Africa/ LAC poor (except IFC) - why? CGIAR WFC - $1 m/yr, GIFT high ROI Range of entry points Governance, capacity, technology, poverty and environment UNDP/ FAO, CIDA, IFIs private > $100 billion Project name Country IBRD/ IDA Status China: Aquaculture Improvement Project China 45 Dropped Coastal Marine and Food Security Eritrea 0 Dropped Eritrea: Food Security, Fisheries and Coastal Management Eritrea 0 Dropped Pilot Fishery Development Project Albania 5.6 Active MARINE DEVELOPMENT Eritrea 20 Dropped Argentina: Sustainable Fisheries and Biodiversity Management Argentina 0 Dropped SUST. FISHERIES 2 Argentina 50 Dropped Coastal Wetlands Protection and Development Project Vietnam 31.8 Active Fourth Fisheries Bdesh 28 Active Sustainable Coastal Resource Development Project China 100 Active Heilongjiang Agricultural Development China 120 Closed Aquaculture Development Project Mexico 40 Closed Shanxi Poverty Alleviation Project China 100 Closed Fisheries Subsector Capacity Building Project Ghana 9 Closed Songliao Plain Agricultural Development Project China 205 Closed Shrimp and Fish Culture Project India 85 Closed Guangdong Agricultural Development Project China 162 Closed

12 Lessons from Asia

13 Poverty alleviation Sustained public support required Policies - equity national plans - mainstreaming land and water rights internalize environmental costs infant industry critical mass Capacity building / knowledge science and technology / extension Appropriate production systems adapted proven technologies market driven integrated services - seeds, feeds, finance Trade a level playing field

14 Strategic focus peri-urban ready market access high value moderate risk privatized services seeds and feeds nucleus estate / contract farming - Indonesia clear role public / private shared vision clear jurisdiction/ coordination central/ local/ community; federal/ state; public waters; inter-tidal zones, land & water title enforcement & rule of law audits and transparency - major concessions technology transfer to the poor Bangladesh/ India/ Viet Nam, China organization of small producers/ clusters one-stop shop FDI & rural knowledge and finance knowledge networks national and regional

15 Africa: lessons of the past physical potential but notably unsuccessful development investment was largely wasted few examples of sustainability reasons development objectives subsistence vs markets rural food supply and cash vs urban markets poor fish for poor people compared to Asia central hatcheries and extension services didn t t work weak private sector / enabling conditions/ high risks contributing to lack of investment/ low FDI rarely attained critical mass Egypt / Nigeria

16 A sea change in SSA? Nigeria, Madagascar, S. Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi.. Market driven, commercial, generally high value, often export led Enhancement, integrated, rice, seaweed, shrimp, catfish, tilapia SMEs, corporate investment, organized producers / contract farming, peri-urban Urbanization, prices, market access, skills and services (feeds) Governance, policies, plans, legislation NEPAD Abuja declaration

17 Banking on aquaculture A comprehensive strategy with other IFIs and international stakeholders aquaculture safeguards policy and guidelines Reinforced codes of practice/ BMPs /implementation Strengthened corporate social responsibility Advocacy on equitable trade Awareness raising on emerging issues small scale producers, threats A suite of entry points for development assistance

18 RURAL DEVELOPMENT / NATIONAL AQUACULTURE POLICIES AND PLANS CDD - communities COASTAL ZONES GOVERNANCE The entry points

19 IRRIGATION LAND DEGRADATION WATERSHEDS rice fish culture the portfolio LIVESTOCK waste/ farm management WATER and CREDIT

20 key ingredients sound policies and an enabling framework for investment and enlightened governance national aquaculture policies, plans & regulations aquaculture mainstreamed in policies, poverty reduction plans and others key national instruments sustained public support for an infant industry and a pro-poor aquaculture agenda clarity on public an private roles / jurisdiction over aquaculture issues coordination of various public agencies in support of private sector investment and building public-private alliances enlightened governance built on human and institutional capacity hard and soft infrastructure (e.g. disease mitigation)

21 More policy measures application of codes, best practices and safeguards good environmental practice makes economic sense internalize real environmental costs maximize knowledge resources national and regional networks provide incentives for aquaculture that delivers environmental services - waste treatment, water purification, maintains ecosystem functions

22 I leave you with some visions of aquaculture....

23 there are poor producers and poor consumers

24 innovative aquaculture training at the University of Iceland

25 thank you