Heterosis for grain yield and its attributing components in maize variety Azam using line tester analysis method

Transcription

1 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 2(11): , November 2014 DOI: ISSN: Academia Publishing Research Paper Heterosis for grain yield and its attributing components in maize variety Azam using line tester analysis method Accepted 24 th November, 2014 ABSTRACT Asif Ali 1 *, Hidayat ur Rahman 1, Liaqat Shah 1, Kashif Ali Shah 1, Shamsur Rehman 2 1Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 2Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Corresponding author asifgeneticist2011@gmail.com A line tester set was obtained by crossing 20 inbred lines with 2 testers in maize. Forty F1`s along with 22 parents (20 S 2 lines and 2 testers) and two standard checks were evaluated in partially balanced lattice square design with two replications. Data were recorded on cob length, kernel rows cob -1, 100 kernel weight and grain yield. Highly significant differences were observed among the testcrosses for all the traits. The crosses 40 x Kiramat (47.36) and 3 x Jalal (13.63) exhibited maximum mid parent and better parent heterosis, respectively for 100 grain weight. Fifteen out of 40 testcrosses exhibited highest significant positive mid parent heterosis for grain yield. Fifteen and 30 hybrid exhibited highest significant positive standard heterosis over both the checks. These lines were having promising performance which could be used in future maize breeding programs for hybrid production. Key words: Maize, mid parent heterosis, better parent heterosis, standard heterosis, grain yield. INTRODUCTION Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important crop among the cereal crops grown in Pakistan. Maize grain is gaining popularity in our country very quickly due to huge demand, particularly for poultry feed industry. Besides, maize has diversified uses as food and industrial raw materials. Maize acreage and production have an increasing tendency with the introduction of hybrids due to these high yield potentials. So, maize can play an important role in increasing food production of Pakistan. At present, the farmers are cultivating some imported hybrid maize varieties, but they are very expensive. So, we have to develop hybrid maize varieties. Maize crop having desirable attributes with high yield potential and improvement in average yield per hectare can certainly be made, if stable performance and high yielding genotypes are developed. Identification of such desirable genotypes in a mixed or base population is one of the main objectives of plant breeders (Khan et al., 2004). Line x tester performance of experimental lines is one of the prime selection criterions in hybrid breeding programme of maize (Mihaljevic et al., 2005). The improvement in vigour and yield potential of inbred lines and development of better cultural practices, single crosses were adopted for commercial cultivation. The recent trend is to go for single crosses than for double crosses, as the single crosses are the highest yielder under most favorable environments, show higher uniformity than the double and three way crosses. The production of hybrid seed requires the development and preservation of inbred lines and subsequent controlled crosses to produce commercial seed. In maize breeding programs early testing of S 2 lines is considered an efficient approach by maize breeders to identify good performing lines by early testing which are then evaluated for grain yield and yield related traits. The present study was aimed at evaluating the maize S 2 lines derived from maize variety Azam for grain yield and yield related traits and to identify superior maize S 2 lines

2 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Ali et al. 226 based on testcross performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted to evaluate testcross performance of maize S 2 lines for grain yield and yield contributing traits in maize variety Azam, at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan, during 2009 in spring and summer crop season. In the spring season 20 best promising S 2 lines of maize variety Azam were crossed with two different tester s viz., Kiramat (hybrid) and Jalal (OPV) at two isolations. By regular rounds during flowering those lines which had visible tassels were de-tasseled. The de-tasseled lines were let to open pollination by the tester. At physiological maturity (black layer establishment at hilum) the test-crosses were manually harvested and shelled individually. The best were selected and others were disposed. In the summer crop season, the resulting testcrosses were evaluated in replicated trial along with their S 2 parents and two commercial checks viz., Babar and 30k08. The experiment comprised 64 entries (40 F 1 genotypes, 20 S 2 lines, 2 testers, and 2 commercial checks) were sown in partially balanced lattice square design with two replications. Each entry was raised in single row plot with a row length of 5 m, having row to row and plant to plant distance of 0.75 m and 0.20 m, respectively. Standard cultural practices were followed to raise good crop from sowing till harvest. With the help of meter rod, cob length was measured in cm. Three ears were randomly selected from each plot and means were computed. Number of kernel rows cob -1 was counted on five randomly selected cobs from each plot and mean were calculated. Weight of 100 grain in gram drawn from a random sun dried sample from each plot was recorded in laboratory with the help of electronic balance. At physiological maturity, the cobs were dehusked and harvested from each plot in the field and fresh ear weight of each entry was taken with the help of weighing balance in kg. Grain yield was obtained by adjusting the grain moisture at 15% and converted to the grain yield ha -1 with the help of the following formula (Carangal et al., 1971). Where: 0.8 = Shelling percentage, 26 = Standard number of plants in two central rows plot -1, 85 = Standard value of grain moisture for storage, 3.75 = Area of plot, 10,000 = Area of hectare in square meters, n = Number of plants harvested. The data recorded was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique appropriate for 8 8 partially balanced lattice square design using program MS-Excel package. Heterosis expressed as percent increase (+) or decrease (-) of F 1 hybrid over mid-parent (relative heterosis), better parent (heterobeltiosis) and the best commercial check (standard heterosis) were calculated for each character using the following formula (Hayes et al., 1955). a. Heterosis over mid parent (relative heterosis) F1 - MP 100 MP b. Heterosis over better parent (heterobeltiosis) F1 - BP 100 BP c. Heterosis over check (standard heterosis) F1 - CC 100 CC Where: F 1=mean performance of F 1, MP = mean midparental value = (P 1 + P 2)/2, P 1= mean performance of parent one, P 2 = mean performance of parent two, BP= mean performance of better parent, CC= mean performance of the best commercial check. The differences in the magnitude of heterosis were tested following the procedure given by Panse and Sukhatme (1961): Where: R= Number of replications, MSSe = Error mean sum of square from analysis of variance table, T= Table value of t test at error degrees of freedom corresponding to 5 or 1% level of significance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Analysis of variance showed that mean squares were highly significant for all the traits such as grain yield, ear length, 100 kernel weight and number of kernel rows per ear. Highly significant mean squares due to parents vs. crosses indicated presence of average heterosis for all the characters. Mean squares due to crosses were highly significant for grain yield, ear length, 100 kernel weight and number of rows per ear. This indicates that the crosses were sufficiently different from each other for these traits and hence, selection is possible to identify the most desirable hybrids (Table 1).

3 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Ali et al. 227 Table 1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on different traits. Mean Squares for grain yield and yield components Source of variation D.F. Grain yield Ear length Kernel rows ear Kernel weight Replication Genotypes ** 3.65** 7.27** 42.09** Parents ** 3.12** 7.33** 36.99** Hybrids ** 3.99** 7.16** 20.90** Parents Vs hybrids ** 2.41** 12.57** ** Error ** indicates that differences are significant at 1% level of probability. Ear length (cm) Ear length is a major yield component and is directly proportional to grains ear -1. The Longer the ear length, higher will be the grain yield. Heterotic effects among 40 testcrosses ranged from to 34.13% and to 18.75% against their mid and better parent heterosis, respectively. Among 40 testcrosses, 10 and 2 testcrosses recorded highest significant positive heterosis over mid and better parent, respectively. The cross 13 x Jalal showed highest better parent heterosis for the indicated trait. Abdel-moneam et al. (2009) reported positive significant heterosis values over both their mid-parents and betterparents for ear length in maize populations. Percent heterosis over two commercial checks viz., Babar and 30k08 ranged from to and to 26.67, respectively. Thirty four testcrosses showed highest significant positive standard heterosis over the check Babar, while 12 out of 40 testcrosses recorded highest significant positive standard heterosis over the check 30k08 (Table 2). Number of kernel rows cob -1 Kernel rows ear -1 plays vital role in determination of grain yield. More rows ear -1 is desirable in maize because of its direct relationship with number of grains and hence grain yield. Heterotic effects among 40 testcrosses varied from to 36.00% and to 00.00% against their mid parent and better parental values, respectively. The cross 4 x Jalal showed maximum mid parent heterosis for the indicated traits. Out of forty crosses, twenty crosses manifested significant mid parent heterosis in the positive direction for the observed trait. Percent heterosis over two commercial checks viz., Babar and 30k08 ranged from to and to 16.13, respectively. Among 40 crosses, 36 testcrosses manifested significant positive standard heterosis over the check Babar, whereas 24 out of 40 testcrosses exhibited significant standard heterosis in positive direction over the check 30k08 (Table 2). 100 kernel weight (g) Kernel weight is an important yield factor and is commonly used as a selection criterion in maize breeding programs because of its strong positive correlation with grain yield. The crosses 40 x Kiramat (47.36) and 3 x Jalal (13.63) exhibited maximum mid parent and better parent heterosis, respectively for the observed trait. About 37 out of 40 testcrosses showed significant positive mid parent heterosis, while 11 out of 40 testcrosses exhibited significant positive better parent heterosis. Among all testcrosses, 39 and 37 testcrosses exhibited significant positive standard heterosis over the check Babar and 30k08, respectively. Gadad (2003) and Mahantesh (2006) observed significant positive standard heterosis for 100-grain weight in inter-varietal crosses of maize. Grain yield (tons ha -1 ) Grain yield improvement is one of the most important aims of every plant breeder. Horner et al. (1676) reported that grain yield is the main selection criteria in maize. Percent heterotic effects among 40 testcrosses ranged from to and to over mid parent and better parent heterosis, respectively. The maximum and significant positive heterosis over mid parent for grain yield was estimated for 11 x Jalal (43.09) followed by 1 x Jalal (31.95), 15 x Jalal (31.23) as shown in Table 3. Fifteen out of 40 testcrosses showed significant mid parent heterosis in positive direction for the indicated trait. Our results get support from the finding of Rosa et al. (2002) who reported significant positive heterosis over the mid-parental value for grain yield in the maize hybrids PP-9539 AN-453 (11.35%) and PP-9603 PP-9539 (11.13%). Percent heterosis over two commercial checks viz., Babar and 30K08 ranged from to and to 68.02, respectively. The maximum and significant positive standard heterosis over the Check Babar and 30k08 for grain yield was estimated for 11 x Jalal (20.50, 68.70) followed by 4 x Jalal (19.29, 66.97), 1 x Jalal (19.26,

4 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Ali et al. 228 Table 2. Heterosis over mid-parent (MPH), better parent (BPH) and standard heterosis (SH) for kernel rows ear -1 and ear length of 40 testcrosses. Kernel rows ear-1 Ear length Line Tester SH (%) SH (%) MPH (%) BPH (%) MPH (%) BPH (%) Babar 30k08 Babar 30k08 1 x Jalal 6.25** -5.56** 41.67** 9.68** ** ** ** 2 x Jalal 18.52** ** 33.33** 3.23** ** ** 12.00** -6.67** 3 x Jalal ** 33.33** 3.23** ** ** ** 4 x Jalal 36.00** -5.56** 41.67** 9.68** ** ** 10.64** -7.80** 5 x Jalal 18.52** ** 33.33** 3.23** ** 21.32** 1.10* 6 x Jalal 9.68** -5.56** 41.67** 9.68** -4.25** -6.25** 20.00** x Jalal 10.34** ** 33.33** 3.23** -7.92** -9.38** 16.00** -3.33** 8 x Jalal 24.14** ** 16.13** 1.09** -4.19** 22.64** 2.20** 9 x Jalal ** ** ** -3.77** -6.28** 19.96** x Jalal -9.68** ** 16.67** -9.68** -7.79** -7.31** 18.64** -1.13* 11 x Jalal 10.34** ** 33.33** 3.23** -4.69** ** 8.00** ** 12 x Jalal ** ** 16.67** -9.68** 1.66** -3.13** 24.00** 3.33** 13 x Jalal ** 16.67** -9.68** 34.13** 18.75** 52.00** 26.67** 14 x Jalal 14.29** ** 33.33** 3.23** -1.62** -4.19** 22.64** 2.20** 15 x Jalal 28.57** ** 16.13** -9.49** ** 8.00** ** 16 x Jalal ** ** ** 7.42** -2.09** 25.32** 4.43** 17 x Jalal 24.14** ** 16.13** 5.61** -2.09** 25.32** 4.43** 18 x Jalal 21.43** -5.56** 41.67** 9.68** -6.08** ** 13.32** -5.57** 19 x Jalal 14.29** ** 33.33** 3.23** 2.93** -8.34** 17.32** -2.23** 20 x Jalal 10.34** ** 33.33** 3.23** 5.51** ** 6.67** 21 x Kiramat ** ** -8.33** ** -3.21** -6.25** 20.00** x Kiramat -6.67** ** 16.67** -9.68** ** ** 5.32** ** 23 x Kiramat ** ** 8.33** ** -2.68** -5.22** 21.32** 1.10* 24 x Kiramat 7.14** ** 25.00** -3.23** -4.22** -5.22** 21.32** 1.10* 25 x Kiramat ** 25.00** -3.23** -3.92** ** 14.64** -4.47** 26 x Kiramat 5.88** ** 16.13** -2.69** -6.25** 20.00** x Kiramat ** ** 16.67** -9.68** -3.21** -6.25** 20.00** x Kiramat -6.25** ** 25.00** -3.23** 17.33** 9.38** 40.00** 16.67** 29 x Kiramat 5.88** ** 16.13** -5.43** -9.38** 16.00** -3.33** 30 x Kiramat -5.88** ** 33.33** 3.23** -5.26** -6.25** 20.00** x Kiramat ** 33.33** 3.23** ** ** -1.36** ** 32 x Kiramat -8.57** ** 33.33** 3.23** ** 20.00** x Kiramat ** ** -8.33** ** 4.20** -9.38** 16.00** -3.33** 34 x Kiramat 3.23** ** 33.33** 3.23** 4.35** ** 6.67** 35 x Kiramat -9.68** ** 16.67** -9.68** ** ** -2.68** ** 36 x Kiramat 6.67** ** 33.33** 3.23** ** ** -1.36** ** 37 x Kiramat ** ** 16.67** -9.68** ** 15.96** -3.37** 38 x Kiramat -9.68** ** 16.67** -9.68** ** ** 4.00** ** 39 x Kiramat 16.13** ** 16.13** ** ** -4.00** ** 40 x Kiramat ** 33.33** 3.23** -5.03** ** 13.32** -5.57** CD (0.01) CD (0.05) *Significant at 5% level, ** Significant at 1% level ), 6 x Jalal (14.29, 60.00), 15 x Jalal (14.29, 60.00), 16 x Jalal (14.29, 60.00) and 18 x Jalal (14.29, 60.00). Fifteen in all testcrosses exhibited significant standard heterosis over the check Babar, while 30 in all testcrosses exhibited

5 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Ali et al. 229 Table 3. Heterosis over mid-parent (MPH), better parent (BPH) and standard heterosis (SH) for 100 grain weight and grain yield of 40 testcrosses. 100 grain weight Grain yield Line Tester MPH (%) BPH (%) SH (%) MPH (%) BPH (%) SH (%) Babar 30k08 Babar 30k08 1 x Jalal 17.07** ** 16.13** 31.95** -1.78** 19.26** 66.97** 2 x Jalal 14.82** -6.79** 19.71** 8.55** 5.49** ** 3.03** 44.24** 3 x Jalal 31.26** 13.63** 45.93** 32.32** -6.23** ** ** 4 x Jalal 15.41** ** 16.47** 19.86** -1.76** 19.29** 67.00** 5 x Jalal 24.23** -1.43* 26.59** 14.79** -9.76** ** -3.17** 35.57** 6 x Jalal 16.76** ** 16.13** 9.42** -5.88** 14.29** 60.00** 7 x Jalal 39.74** 10.80** 42.30** 29.03** 5.35** ** -1.02** 38.57** 8 x Jalal -6.59** ** 10.65** ** ** ** 20.00** 9 x Jalal 44.95** 12.42** 44.38** 30.92** -4.10** ** ** 12.78** 10 x Jalal -5.54** ** 8.50** -1.61* ** ** ** 11.93** 11 x Jalal ** ** 2.86** -6.73** 43.09** -0.76** 20.50** 68.70** 12 x Jalal 30.55** 5.26** 35.18** 22.58** ** ** ** ** 13 x Jalal 22.39** 9.42** 40.52** 27.42** 16.21** ** 4.78** 46.69** 14 x Jalal 2.09** ** -3.75** ** ** ** ** 24.40** 15 x Jalal 8.11** ** 13.87** 3.26** 31.23** -5.88** 14.29** 60.00** 16 x Jalal 22.06** -5.68** 21.13** 9.84** 16.01** -5.88** 14.29** 60.00** 17 x Jalal 35.66** -3.05** 24.51** 12.90** ** ** ** ** 18 x Jalal 15.94** ** 16.13** 28.58** -5.88** 14.29** 60.00** 19 x Jalal 8.27** -4.43** 22.73** 11.29** 6.56** ** 3.69** 45.17** 20 x Jalal 22.29** ** 14.19** 3.55** ** ** ** 20.00** 21 x Kiramat 3.23** ** 13.84** 3.23** ** ** ** 20.00** 22 x Kiramat 21.80** ** 16.13** ** ** ** ** 23 x Kiramat 17.46** 2.49** 31.63** 19.35** ** ** ** ** 24 x Kiramat 15.00** ** 16.98** -5.44** ** 3.73** 45.22** 25 x Kiramat 21.13** -3.05** 24.51** 12.90** ** ** ** ** 26 x Kiramat 9.34** -5.86** 20.90** 9.63** -6.27** ** 7.43** 50.40** 27 x Kiramat 16.73** -6.63** 19.90** 8.73** ** ** ** 20.00** 28 x Kiramat 3.04** -4.24** 22.98** 11.52** ** ** ** ** 29 x Kiramat 17.73** -7.87** 18.32** 7.29** 6.19** ** ** 30 x Kiramat 15.07** 3.73** 33.21** 20.79** ** ** ** ** 31 x Kiramat 19.96** 10.18** 41.50** 28.31** 26.08** -2.00** 19.00** 66.60** 32 x Kiramat 37.46** 11.79** 43.56** 30.18** ** ** ** ** 33 x Kiramat 20.28** 8.37** 39.17** 26.19** ** ** ** 25.72** 34 x Kiramat 35.35** ** 16.79** ** ** ** -5.15** 35 x Kiramat 13.87** -5.82** 20.95** 9.68** ** ** ** 20.00** 36 x Kiramat 18.51** -7.60** 18.66** 7.60** 5.15** -5.88** 14.29** 60.00** 37 x Kiramat 38.29** ** 16.21** ** ** ** ** 38 x Kiramat 1.92** ** 13.48** 2.90** -3.61** ** -4.52** 33.67** 39 x Kiramat 12.75** ** 16.81** ** ** -8.28** 28.40** 40 x Kiramat 47.36** 8.17** 38.92** 25.97** 1.54** -1.16** 20.01** 68.02** CD (0.01) CD (0.05) *Significant at 5% level, ** Significant at 1% level. significant standard heterosis over the check 30K08 in positive direction. Such heterosis was also reported by

6 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Ali et al. 230 Anantha (2004) and Abhishek (2006) in maize. Conclusions The results obtained in the present investigation were encouraging and tremendous increase in grain yield was obtained in most of the hybrids. The crosses 1 x Jalal, 4 x Jalal, 6 x Jalal, 11 x Jalal, 15 x Jalal, 16 x Jalal and 18 x Jalal had high standard heterosis over the checks Babar and 30k08 for grain yield. The present study on heterosis had indicated clearly that heterotic response for grain yield and its contributing components result only in selected cross combinations. Based on the overall performance of the hybrids and parental lines, some of the lines could be used as parents of hybrids of maize with high grain yield potential. Thus, these crosses could be commercially exploited after critical evaluation for its superiority in testcross performance as maize hybrids. REFERENCES Abdel-Moneam MA, Attia AN, El-Emery MI, Fayed EA (2009). Combining ability and heterosis for some agronomic traits in crosses of maize. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 12(5): Abhishek K (2006). Evaluation of newly developed inbred lines for per se performance and combiningability in maize (Zea mays L.). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. 114pp. Anantha MS (2004). Combining ability and molecular diversity analysis in maize inbreds. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences. Coimbatore, India. 160pp. Carangal VR, Ali SM, Koble AF, Rinke EH, Sentz JC (1971). Comparison of S1 with testcross evaluation for recurrent selection in maize. Crop Sci. 11: Gadad SK (2003). Genetic analysis for quantitative traits, starch and oil in single cross hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.). M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India. Hayes HK, Immer FR, Smith DC (1955). Methods of Plant Breeding. Mc. Grow Hill Book. Co., Inc., New York. Horner ES, Lutrick MS, Champman WH, Martin FG (1976). Effect of recurrent selection for combining ability with a single cross tester in maize. Crop Sci. 16:5-8. Khan K, Karim F, Iqbal M, Sher H, Ahmad B (2004). Response of maize varieties to environments in two agro-ecological zones of NWFP: Effects on morphological traits. Sarhad J. Agri. 20(3): Mahantesh C (2006). Combining ability and heterosis analysis for grain yield components in single cross hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.) M.Sc.(Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India. Mihaljevic R, Schon CC, Utz HF, Melchinger AE (2005). Correlations and QTL correspondence between line per se and testcross performance for agronomic traits in four populations of European maize. Crop Sci. 45: Rosa A, Leon H, Martinez G, Rincon F (2002). Heterosis, combining ability and genetic diversity in commercial hybrids of maize. Agronomia Mesoamerica 11: Panse VG, Sukhatme PV (1961). Statistical Methods for Agric. Workers, ICAR Publication, New Delhi, pp.145. Cite this article as: Ali A, Rahman H, Shah L, Shah KA, Rehman S (2014). Heterosis for grain yield and its attributing components in maize variety Azam using line tester analysis method. Acad. J. Agric. Res. 2(11): Submit your manuscript at