SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES AND AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Transcription

1 INNOVATION LAB ON SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES AND AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Analyzing nutrition, health and gender outcomes Claudia Ringler, IFPRI ILSSI Annual Meeting October 17, 2016, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Photo Credit Goes Here

2 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 175 national experts with a focus on irrigation, irrigation and gender and nutrition, engaged largely through: 3 gender-irrigation trainings implemented in the first half of 2016 Early on consultation with (few) nutrition experts Participation in stakeholder feedback sessions summer/2016 Approximately stakeholders outside the focal countries through engagement in regional and international conferences and workshops

3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT Panel on "Agricultural Water Management" at Dupont Summit, W DC, Dec 2015 Panel on Opportunities and Challenges of Expanding Smallholder Irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa at Nebraska Water for Food Conference, April 2016 Panel on irrigation and gender at Africa Water Week, Tanzania, July 2016 Sessions at Stockholm World Water Week on "Enabling investment in irrigation in sub-saharan Africa" and Session at Stockholm World Water Week on "Beyond the Drinking Glass: Expanding our Understanding of Water-Nutrition Linkages", Aug/Sep Professional presentations at American Ag Econ Assoc Ann Conf Boston, 07/2016 Seminar at USAID headquarters, October 2015 Panel on water at USAID's Global Learning and Evidence Exchange (GLEE) on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Lusaka, Zambia, March 2016

4 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT Writing of blogs, such as On gender and small-scale irrigation: on Goldilocks Dilemma of Balancing Irrigation Technologies, Policies and Institutions How Women Can Maximize the Nutrition and Health Benefits of Irrigation for All

5 ENGAGEMENT THROUGH ILSSI ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIES 1) CGIAR WLE activity on randomized delivery of motor pumps through ide in northern Ghana: Late delivery of pumps year 1 led to lack of backpayment; Pumps are shared by more than 5 farmers, contrary to design 2) Small GAAP II funding through IFPRI (original donors: BMGF + USAID): Contribution to irrigation module for Project WEAI: Only started in summer /2016, schedule not perfect as most participating projects had yet to implement their baseline 3) AMPPPIDA: UK NERC funded PPP in irrigation assessment project engaged with NIC Tanzania in Sep 2016, was asked to operationalize the framework by NIC 4) SIPS-IN: plans to measure nutrition variables in more detail in Ethiopia

6 PERSPECTIVES FROM HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS IFPRI has collected detailed household surveys in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania from ILSSI intervention villages and nearby control farmers Topics of the survey include: o Crop & livestock inputs, production and practices o Household and women s dietary diversity o Child health, diet, feeding and anthropometry o Household shocks, assets, credit o Women s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) The household surveys are accompanied by community surveys, FGDs (IFPRI in Tanzania), anthropometric measures, and intra-hh surveys

7 PERSPECTIVES FROM FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS Focus on gender and irrigation technologies. Protocol sought to identify men and women s different preferences for water technologies, how technologies respond to existing needs, roles, and responsibilities of men and women, and how benefits and costs from adoption of technology are distributed at the household level. IWMI, IFPRI and national research institution partners facilitated at least one male and one female focus group discussion in at least three intervention areas and one control (non-intervention) area in each project country. FGD results also contributed to the approach used in the summer 2016 stakeholder consultation workshops in each country on gender and gender integration tools based on the protocol questions.

8 The need to go beyond reaching women and men in households REACH BENEFIT EMPOWER

9 CONSTRAINTS TO SSI ADOPTION Adapted from Schlager and Ostrom 1992

10 SITES IN ETHIOPIA 15 villages, including 4 ILSSI intervention villages 4 woredas surveyed include: Bahir Dar Zuria, Dangla, Adami Tulu and Lemu Period: November 14 th - December 26 th 2014 (covering 1 year) 439 households

11 SITES IN TANZANIA 14 villages in Kilosa and Mvomero districts, 2 of which were ILSSI intervention villages Period: June 24 th July 11 th, 2015 (covering 1 year) 451 households

12 SITES IN GHANA 12 communities Northern Region: Savelugu Nanton District Upper East Region: Kassena Nankana East, Garu Tempane, and Nabdam Districts Period: November 2015 to February households

13 DATA ON WOMEN S EMPOWERMENT IN AGRICULTURE INDEX Intra-household survey tool The WEAI measures women s empowerment across 5 domains of empowerment (5DE) shown on the right as well as a Gender Parity Index WEAI is on a scale from zero to one, with higher values = greater empowerment ILSSI is using a modified WEAI to include more details on irrigation

14 WEAI RESULTS FROM ETHIOPIA, GHANA, AND TANZANIA WEAI Irrigators Gender Parity Index Non-irrigators Ethiopia Ghana Tanzania Gender Parity Index Contributors to disempowerment Group membership Leisure time Speaking in public Credit access Control over use of income Credit access Workload Group membership Control over use of income Group membership Credit access Leisure time Speaking in public Autonomy in production

15 GENDER EQUALITY IN ACCESS TO IRRIGATION Three gender and irrigation trainings were organized in April-March with IWMI and national partners in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania Resources from the workshop are available here Blogs from participants on WLE Thrive ILSSI Project Note, based on workshop discussions, identifies key concepts, opportunities, and constraints to Promoting Gender Equality in Irrigation Analysis of qualitative data from Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania on gendered costs and benefits of irrigation is underway (paper for October 2016) Two tools were created to help guide practitioners to assess with communities the contextspecific gendered constraints to irrigation (Diagnostic Tool for Gender Equality in Irrigation) and the extent of women s participation in collective irrigation schemes (Gender in Irrigation Learning and Improvement Tool) For more information on these projects, please get in touch with Sophie Theis (s.theis@cgiar.org)

16 CONSTRAINTS TO WOMEN S IRRIGATION ADOPTION Key Constraints Identified: Technologies don t meet women s preferences (e.g. affordability, maintenance needs, fuel requirements, transportability, multiple uses) Less access to information (due to mobility constraints, not belonging to groups where info is disseminated, etc) Lack of access to and control over assets required for adoption (e.g. land) Exclusion from access to and decision making over collective water resources (e.g. irrigation canals) Limited access to credit

17 OPPORTUNITIES TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY IN IRRIGATION Key Opportunities Identified: Great potential for participatory, user-centered technology design to better address women s needs and preferences Develop new outreach models to ensure information effectively reaches both men and women Facilitate access to credit on supply and demand side, providing financial literacy training for women and men, forming groups to manage and share risk Support women s participation in decision-making in groups (targets?) Targeting women with productive assets (e.g. HKI BF) or encouraging joint ownership/sharing of productive assets Sensitization of women s work and contributions (e.g. Send a Cow, Ethiopia)

18 MAJOR CONSTRAINTS DURING DRY SEASON AGRICULTURE IN GHANA Plant disease Insect damage Insufficient water Fraction Insufficient water Plant disease Weed damage Insect damage Main constraints during the dry season agriculture

19 AJOR CONSTRAINTS DURING DRY SEASON AGRICULTURE IN TANZANIA Insect damage Insufficient water Plant disease Animal damage Fraction Insufficient waterplant disease Insect damage Flooding Animal damage Other Main constraints during the dry season agriculture

20 MAJOR CONSTRAINTS IN IRRIGATION IN ETHIOPIA Irrigators are closer to markets: suggesting the need to further explore market access for produce and inputs as a constraint for adoption of irrigation technologies Irrigators are closer to major rivers and access surface water bodies: physical access to water as a constraint Irrigated plots are closer to homesteads: need to further explore the labor and managerial requirements of irrigation compared to rainfed agriculture as a potential constraint There is no statistically significant difference in the availability of groundwater between irrigators and non-irrigators

21 IRRIGATION-NUTRITION LINKAGES

22 Production Pathway Irrigated yields larger (with improved varieties & complementary inputs) (e.g. Burney et al 2010) Growing in the lean season (e.g. Aseyehen et al 2012) Greater crop diversity (Namara et al. 2005, India), or no difference? (Namara et al. 2011, Ghana), or more monocropping? (Hossain et al. 2005, Bangladesh) More vegetables and fruits (Fraiture and Giordano 2014) Increased production of animal foods through irrigated fodder (Frenken 2005; Murphy and Allen 2003)

23 Income Pathway Higher gross revenue per ha for SSI as it is used mainly for cash crops (Burney et al 2013; Nkonya et al 2011) Food expenditures higher among irrigating households in South Africa (Sinyolo et al. 2014) Employment generation due to increased productivity and expanded production calendar

24 Water Supply Pathway Irrigation water may be used for other purposes such as drinking, washing, bathing or other productive purposes (e.g. livestock watering, aquaculture) Greater water for domestic purposes as a result of irrigation resulted in lower diarrhea and stunting in Pakistan (Van der Hoel et al. 2002) *The extent to which women are involved in the design of irrigation systems may encourage more multiple uses of irrigation water

25 Health Risks Pathway Increased risk of vector-borne diseases (i.e. malaria /dengue) Negative health outcomes from increased pollution (especially pesticides) Greater health spending (e.g. malaria treatment and prevention) Improved maternal and child nutrition through increased diversity and quantity of foods and/or increased household incomes

26 Gender Pathway Irrigation projects targeted towards women may have differential impact on nutrition and health outcomes Women may allocate resources gained from sale of irrigated crops towards food and health expenditures Women may use irrigation to grow more nutritious foods for home consumption Contribution to women's empowerment (e.g. increase in assets owned by women, income controlled by women) With potential negative effect due to time burden (depending on type of technology)

27 Main findings from an econometric analysis of irrigation-nutrition linkages (ETH and TAN) Access to irrigation significantly improves both household income and the diversity of crops that farmers produce Increasing household income, in turn, leads to higher dietary diversity Income Pathway The relationship between production diversity and dietary diversity is not statistically significant Production Diversity Pathway (?)

28 Main findings from an econometric analysis of irrigation-nutrition linkages (ETH and TAN) Malaria was not significantly linked with irrigation WASH parameters: Distance to domestic water, whether handwashing water is observed, and latrines were also all statistically insignificant

29 Why not the production pathway? Foregone income benefits from specialization Sibhatu et al. (2015) Small land size (1.7 to 1.9 Ha), and producing 7 crops on average in Ethiopia and 4 in Tanzania Taste and habit persistence Survey timing might have affected outcomes

30 U.S. GOVERNMENT PARTNERS

31 PARTNER LOGO GOES HERE (click slide master to add)