Rotations, Weeds, and Nutrient Management. Kent A McVay Extension Cropping Systems Specialist Montana State University

Transcription

1 Rotations, Weeds, and Nutrient Management Kent A McVay Extension Cropping Systems Specialist Montana State University

2 2016 Census of Agriculture, Montana Commodity Harvested Acres % of Cropped Wheat 4,975, Barley 780, Lentils 505,000 7 Peas 587,000 8 Corn (grain + silage) 110, Beans (mostly chickpea) 99, Canola 60, Mustard 50, Safflower 34, Total cropped 7,245,800 Fallow 2,748,000

3 Precipitation (in) Average Temp (F) Precipitation (in) SARC Climatic Summary and twenty year trend in growing season precipitation Monthly Distribution Annual Variation Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Precip Max Temp Min Temp Annual PPT Mean 1/1/1911 6/10/

4 Long-term Rotation Study Huntley, MT

5 Rotation Study, SARC Study was conducted from (Rotations began in 2008) All no-till management All phases of each treatment were present each year Fertilizer rates based on yield goals Corrected for residual soil NO3-N levels (fall) Only treatment was crop sequence/rotation Herbicide applications as dictated by weed pressure Plot size 30 by 90

6 RCB Design with 4 replications Lohmiller silty clay grading to Thurlow clay loam Varieties varied but were generally Yellowstone Vida CDC Redberry Mozart Sustainable oils SO-30

7 Crop Sequence Treatments Huntley, MT Trt Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 1 Winter wheat Fallow 2 Winter wheat Spring wheat Fallow 3 Winter wheat Pea Fallow 4 Winter wheat Fallow Pea 5 Winter wheat Spring wheat Lentil /1 6 Winter wheat Spring wheat Cover crop (lentil) 7 Winter wheat Spring wheat Camelina 8 /3 Winter wheat Spring wheat /2 Pea Camelina /1 Peas for 2009, 2010 /2 Barley for 2010, 2011 /3 Rotation changed to winter wheat/lentil/spring wheat/camelina for 2012, 2013, 2014

8 Winter Wheat Yield by previous crop Huntley lbs/acre W Wheat after Mean CV % Fallow Lentil Cover Lentil Grain Spring Pea Camelina % Normal Precip 126% 122% 145% 63% 82% 106% 107% Source: McVay, unpublished data

9 Annualized Grain Yield (lbs/acre) Huntley, MT a ab 686 ab 618 bc 740 a abc 696 ab c WW FALLOW WW SW FALLOW WW PEA FALLOW PEA WW FALLOW WW SW LENTIL WW SW COVER WW SW CAMELINA WW LENTIL SW CAMELINA ww sw pea lentil camelina

10 Crop Sequence Findings (grain yield) Winter wheat/fallow yields (total lbs) were no better than: ww/sw/fallow ww/pea/fallow ww/sw/lentil ww/sw/camelina ww/sw/cover crop ww/pea/fallow ww/fallow/pea ww/sw/lentil ww/sw/lentil cover If 500 lbs lentils are worth more than 310 lbs winter wheat Fallow provides highest stability in grain yields (lowest CV s)

11 Economic Consequences Income: Yields x Avg annual market price (Aug Oct) Summed over each phase of each rotation Expenses: Seed + fertilizer + herbicide Annualized Income= (sum income expenses)/# years in rotation

12 Annualized Returns $$$ /acre for Various Crop Sequences Huntley Sequence mean CV (%) w f 164 a 245 ab 283 a 244 a 110 c 94 bc 190 a 41 w sw f 147 a 273 a 287 a 158 b 102 c 96 bc 177 ab 47 w p f 157 a 222 b 202 b 177 b 219 a 84 bc 177 ab 29 p w f 113 b 227 b 169 b 46 c 169 b 69 c 132 ab 52 w sw cov 150 a 262 a 284 a 120 c 42 d 77 c 156 ab 63 w sw L 160 a 277 ab 318 a 14 b 220 a 115 ab 184 a 61 w sw c 106 bc 249 ab 291 a 32 c 78 c 132 a 148 ab 68 w L sw c * 96 c 176 c 123 c 33 c 177 b 88 bc 116 b 48 % Normal Precip 126% 122% 145% 63% 82% 106% 107% Different letters within a column indicate significant difference at 5% probability level. Abbreviations used : w winter wheat; sw spring wheat; p spring pea; L lentil; c camelina; cov cover crop *For barley (b) was substituted for spring wheat and the rotation was w b p c.

13 Soil Quality Change Soil Carbon 0 to 3 in depth Trt Rotation POC TOC Mg ha Wheat/Fallow Wheat/S Wheat/Fallow Wheat/Pea/Fallow Pea/Wheat/Fallow Wheat/S Wheat/Lentil Wheat/S Wheat/Cover Wheat/S Wheat/Camelina Wheat/Lentil/S Wheat/Camelina Pr > F LSD (.05) 93.4 NS

14 Production functions for grain crops Now for a little math What s the general format of a linear equation? Y = mx + b

15 y-axis y = 10x x-axis

16 Production functions for Grain Crops Y = mx + b Set Y = 0 and solve for b 0= mx o +b -mx o = b (x o = b/-m) Now to check against the example Where y = 10x -5 x o = b/-m x o = -5/-10 = 1/2 Reinsert for b in original equation Y=mx - mx o Y=m(x - x o )

17 Production functions for Grain Crops Y = mx + b Set Y = 0 and solve for b 0= mx o +b -mx o = b (x o = b/-m) Reinsert for b in original equation Y=mx - mx o Y=m(x - x o ) Now to check against the example Where y = 10x -5 x o = b/-m x o = -5/-10 = 1/2 X Y x-xo y

18 Production functions for chickpea, field pea, and lentil in the central Great Plains D.C. Nielsen, Agron J. 93: Plot design and layout

19 D.C. Nielsen, Agron J. 93:

20 Grain yield response to additions of water in a semi-arid environment Water Chickpea Pea Lentil Wheat inches lbs/acre Data based on equations from Nielsen (2001) and Brown (1971)

21 Initial Estimates of Water Use Efficiency for Montana Dryland Crops Crop (lbs/ac) Yield per inch of water (lbs/a) Minimum Water needed (in) * Citation Chickpea Colorado a 188 nd Alberta d Field pea Colorado a 186 nd Alberta d Lentil Colorado a 130 nd Alberta d Grain sorghum Colorado e Corn Nebraska c Spring wheat Montana f Winter wheat Montana f Barley Montana f Source: data from a) Nielsen 2001; b) Nielsen 2017; c) Irmak and Sharma 2015; d) Wang et al. 2012; e) Brown et al. 1981; f) Brown, nd = not determined. *This value is the intercept of the x axis of the linear equations for yield.

22 Weeds and Weed Control

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24 2018

25 Crop Rotation Study Focused on Weed Shifts and Herbicide Resistance Researchers: Prashant Jha (MSU), Andrew Kniss (UW), and Nevin Lawrence (UNL) Elizabeth Mosqueda, a PhD student at UW

26 1. Rotations 2. Tillage --- Minimum till vs Intensive Tillage 3. Herbicide Crop Group 2 Only Multiple Groups Group 2 + Another Sugar beets Upbeet Upbeet + Roundup Roundup Wheat Affinity Affinity + Huskie Huskie Dry Beans Raptor Pre: Eptam Post: Raptor+Basagran Corn Resolve Q Dicamba +Resolve Q Roundup No Group 2 Included Pre: Eptam Post: Basagran + Reflex

27 Average kochia plants/m 2 in 2016 (3rd year of the study) Herbicide Treatment Crop Rotation GP Mix No GP-2 GP 2 GP Mix No GP-2 GP-2 Minimum Tillage Intensive Tillage Continuous corn Corn-sugarbeet Corn-dry bean-cornsugarbeet Corn-dry bean-wheatsugarbeet Elizabeth Mosqueda, a PhD student at UW

28 Average kochia plants/m 2 in 2016 (3rd year of the study) Herbicide Treatment Crop Rotation GP Mix No GP-2 GP-2 GP Mix No Gp-2 GP-2 Minimum Tillage Intensive Tillage Continuous corn Corn-sugarbeet Corn-dry bean-cornsugarbeet Corn-dry bean-wheatsugarbeet Elizabeth Mosqueda, a PhD student at UW

29 Cumulative emergence (% of total) Ecologically-Based Approaches: Kochia emergence and Crop Planting Dates 120 X MT KS Dry bean/soybean 100 ND KS KS3 KS4 NM Sugar beet Corn 40 Barley 20 Kumar and Jha March 30 April 26 May 10 May Cumulative GDD (C) T 0 C Sep 10

30 Crop Rotation Impact on Kochia Dry bean-barley-sugarbeet Corn-Dry bean-barley Corn-Dry bean-corn Barley-Sugar beet-corn Corn-Sugar beet-corn Sugar beet-corn-dry bean Corn-Corn-Corn Dry bean-corn-sugar beet Sugar beet-corn-sugar beet Kochia seedling density m -2 Kochia seed production m -2 Dry bean-barley-sugarbeet Corn-Dry bean-barley Corn-Dry bean-corn Corn-Sugar beet-corn Barley-Sugar beet-corn Sugar beet-corn-dry bean Corn-Corn-Corn Dry bean-corn-sugar beet Sugar beet-corn-sugar beet

31 Nitrogen Management for Irrigated Barley

32 Inputs to grow malt barley Input Lbs/acre $/lb $/acre Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Herbicides Water Fuel Seed Fuel Water Seed 12% Nitrogen 15% 17% 28% 7% 2% 19% P 2 O 5 K 2 O Herbicides

33 Nitrogen Rate Studies For example, the studies in Randomized complete block, 4 replications Varieties: Moravian 69, M-115, M-150, M-153 Rates: 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 lbs N/a Urea broadcast and incorporated pre-plant Plant population 800,000 plants/a Irrigation: ~2 flood events 12 hours/each

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35 Grain Yield (bu/a) % Plump Barley response to added fertilizer N Huntley Fertilizer N added (lbs N/a) M069 M115 M150 M153 M Fertilizer N Added (lbs/a) M069 M115 M150 M153 M165

36 Grain Yield Regression analysis GrainYield = ax 2 + bx + c Grain yield (bu/a) x is lbs N/a a, b, c : fitted parameters 95% of Max Maximum Yield (Slope = 0) Nitrogen applied

37 Nitrogen requirement of Bill Coors-100 (fertilizer + soil NO 3 -N) over 5 site years, Years a b c R 2 Lbs N/bu % Plump* % Protein* Test Wt* 95%Max Yield bu/a a b Avg * These represent the averages for the highest N rate at each site-year.

38 Example Calculation Soil Profile lb Nitrate-N 10 lb Nitrate-N 12 lb Nitrate-N Yield Goal (YG) = 130 bu/acre Total N need (TN) = 1.16 lb N/bu Nfertilizer = YG TN SN = = 111 Lb N/acre Total Soil Nitrate (SN) = 40 lb Nitrate-N

39 Malt Barley Seeding Rates 2 years (2014, 2015) 2 varieties, M115, M150 (now Bill Coors 100) 2 irrigated locations (Fromberg, Hysham)

40 2015 Seed Rate Study, Hysham M-115, M-150 Seed Rate Yield Test Wt Plump Lodge Index 400, , , ,000, ,200, LSD(.05) NS NS Note: No significant interactions of Seed Rate x Variety

41 2015 Seed Rate Study, Fromberg M-115, M-150 Seed Rate Yield Test Wt Plump Lodge Index 400, , , ,000, ,200, LSD(.05) NS NS 3.0 NS Note: No significant interactions of Seed Rate x Variety

42 Calculating Seeding Rates SeedRate (lb/acre) = Desired plants/acre seeds/lb %Germ %Stand SeedRate (lb/acre) = 750,000 plants/acre 11,400 seeds/lb = 77 lb/acre

43 Foliar Applications to Correct Micro-nutrient Deficiencies in Small Grains

44 Critical thresholds (ppm) for micro-nutrients where positive yield response is expected. Nutrient Soil test value* Tissue test value** Zn Fe 5 50 Mn Cu B 1 10 * Fertilizer Guidelines for Montana Crops. Montana State University Extension Publications EB-161, March ** Nutrient Deficiencies & Toxicities in Crop Plants. The American Phytopathological Society, 3 rd printing, 1996.

45 Soil test results for experimental sites, 2017 Soil Test Broadview Huntley Hysham Camp IV units ph log[h+] P ppm K ppm Zn ppm Fe ppm Mn ppm Cu ppm B ppm CEC meq/100g OM %

46 Broadview

47 Camp IV, near Ft. Smith

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49 Materials and Methods Sources: Zinc, zinc sulfate monohydrate (35.5% Zn) from Alpha chemicals Max-In Boron (8.0% B), chelated product from Winfield Solutions Micro-500, Boron (0.02%), Copper (0.25%) Iron (0.37%), Manganese (1.2%) and Zinc (1.8%) from AgoLiquid Treatments applied at jointing stage Zinc applied at 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 lb/acre Boron applied at 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 lb/acre Micro-500 applied at 2 and 4 quarts/acre Equivalent to 0.09, 0.18 lb Zn, and and lb B/acre

50 Field trials on farmer fields at: Broadview Hysham Camp IV near Ft. Smith and on-station (SARC) near Huntley 4 Replications, RCB design Plot size 8 x 15 feet Applied at 14 gal/acre at jointing stage Harvested with small plot combine (4.5 x 12 ft)

51 Wheat Grain Yield (bu/a) for foliar applications of Boron (B) and Zinc (Zn) at rates of 0 to 1.5 lbs/acre Treatment Camp IV Broadview Hysham Huntley Spring Wheat Winter Wheat Winter Wheat Barley B B B B B B P-Value CV% Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn P-Value CV%

52 Wheat Grain Zinc content (ppm) for foliar applications of Zinc (Zn) at rates of 0 to 1.5 lbs/acre Treatment Camp IV Broadview Hysham Huntley Spring Wheat Winter Wheat Winter Wheat Barley B B B B B B P-Value CV% Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn P-Value < CV% LSD (0.05) 5.30 NS Soil Test Zn

53 Wheat Grain Boron content (ppm) for foliar applications of Boron (B) at rates of 0 to 1.5 lbs/acre Treatment Camp IV Broadview Hysham Huntley Spring Wheat Winter Wheat Winter Wheat Barley B B B B B B P-Value CV% Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn P-Value CV% Soil test B

54 Thanks Kent A McVay Extension Cropping Systems Specialist Southern Agricultural Research Center 748 Railroad Hwy Huntley, MT