Soils and Organic Fertility Management. Warren Roberts George Kuepper

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1 Soils and Organic Fertility Management Warren Roberts George Kuepper

2 Last Class - Soil Management Site Selection, Soil Fertility Warren Roberts George Kuepper

3 Ideal Soil 50% Solid Matter 45% Mineral 5% Organic 50% Pore Space 25% Water 25% Air

4 Soil Fertility Essential Plant Nutrients C HOPKNS CaFe Mg B Mn Cu Zn Co Mo Cl

5 ph and Nutrient Availability

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7 Soil Fertility Nutrient Movement

8 N (pounds per acre) raw1 300 raw2 raw3 250 raw4 200 syn1 syn2 150 Linear (syn2) Sample Date

9 P (lbs per acre) raw1 raw2 raw3 raw4 syn1 syn Samples Date

10 Soil Test

11 Organic Matter Wonderful Holds Water Improves Drainage Holds Nutrients Improves Tilth

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13 Biological Properties of Soil Organic Matter Content Plants Animals Microbial Biomass

14 Life

15 Soil Life - Animals Earthworms Mites Nematodes Protozoa Beetles Termites

16 Soil Life - Microbes Bacteria Single Cell Millions per Gram 1,000,000,000,000,000 per Acre Fungi Long filaments (hyphae) Hundreds of Thousands per Gram 100,000,000,000,000 per Acre

17 Roles of Bacteria and Fungi Organic Matter Decomposition Soil Stabilization Aeration Tilth Nitrogen Fixation

18 Mycorrhizae (Fungus Root)

19 Mycorrhizae (Fungus Root)

20 Organic Soil Fertilizers Options Buy Grow Your Own

21 Organic Guidelines Producer shall manage crop nutrients and soil fertility through rotations, cover crops, and the application of plant and animal materials (manures).

22 Organic Guidelines Producer shall manage plant and animal materials to maintain or improve soil organic matter content in a manner that does not contribute to contamination of crops, soil, or water by plant nutrients, pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, or residues of prohibited substances.

23 Compost

24 Phosphorus A producer may use Colloidal, rock phosphate Bone meal Guano Fish emulsion processing

25 Potassium A producer may use Wood ashes Rock dusts (granite, feldspar, greensand) Sulfate of potash magnesia Natural potassium sulfate Fly ash Recycled potassium-rich organic matter.

26 Calcium Can Use Agricultural limestone Agricultural gypsum Do Not Use slaked or hydrated lime.

27 Nitrogen A producer may use Green manures Legumes Compost Vegetable meals Animal by-products and fish emulsion.

28 Cover Crops and Green Manures Cover Crops Grown in Winter Green Manure Crops Grown in Summer

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30 Litter, Manure, etc Smelly Ammonia NH3

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32 Cover Crops April 14

33 Rye Rye or Wheat April 16

34 Legumes

35 Legume - Definition a dry dehiscent one-celled fruit developed from a simple superior ovary and usually dehiscing into two valves with the seeds attached to the ventral suture

36 Legume - Definition A pod, such as that of a pea or bean, that splits into two valves with the seeds attached to one edge of the valves.

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38 Legumes Peas Beans Black Locust Soybeans Honey Locust Purple Hull Peas Crimson Clover Kudzu Sweet Clover Mesquite Hairy Vetch Redbuds Alfalfa Lespedezea Wisteria

39 Arrowleaf Clover April 16

40 Hairy Vetch April 16

41 Crimson Clover Crimson Clover April 16

42 Nitrogen is Nutrient that is Most Limiting to Plant Growth Atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen

43 rhi zo bi um Legume Bacteria Symbiosis Captures Nitrogen from the Air Makes Nitrogen Available to Plant Bacteria Responsible Rhizobia (Rhizobium) Bradyrhizobium (Soybeans)

44 Rhizobium group and species Legumes treated Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifoli Crimson clover, Red clover, White clover Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli Kidney beans, Snap beans, String beans, Wax beans Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae Austrian winter pea, Common vetch, Garden pea, Hairy vetch Rhizobium sp. Crownvetch Bradyrhizobium japonicum Soybeans Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna) Common lespedeza, Cowpea, Peanut, Velvet bean Sinorhizobium meliloti Alfalfa, Medic, Yellow or white sweet clover

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46 Inoculum Use slurry Commercial Sticker Sugar-water solution Karo syrup solution

47 Precautions!!!! Inoculum is Alive (hopefully!) Inoculum can Die (unfortunately) Note Expiration Date Avoid Fertilizers, Chemicals, Chlorine

48 Precautions!!!! Refrigerate during Storage Keep temperature below 90 F Avoid High or Low ph Avoid Exposure to Sunlight

49 Summary (Plants and Microbes) Add organic matter Avoid compaction Timely irrigation Promote drainage Promote aeration Neutral ph

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52 Crimson Clover Crimson Clover April 16

53 Organic Matter