Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences 1

Transcription

1 Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences 1 Co-ordinating Editor: B. Varon, Bet-Dagan Editors: G. W. Thomas, Lexington B.R. Sabey, Fort Collins Y. Vaadia, Bet-Dagan L. D. Van Vleck, Ithaca

2 A.PA.Vink Land Use in Advancing Agriculture With 94 Figures and 115 Tables Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1975

3 Dr. A. P. A. VINK, Professor of Physical Geography and Soil Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / This work is subject to copyright. AIl rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. by Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1975 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Vink, A. P. A. Land use in advancing agriculture. (Advanced series in agricultural sciences; v. 1). Bibliography: p.. Includes index. I. Land. 2. Agriculture-Economic aspects. I. Title. II. Series. HDlll.V ' The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting, Printing and Binding: Brlihlsche Universitiitsdruckerei GieBen.

4 Foreword The Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences is designed to ftll a long-felt need for advanced educational and technological books in the agricultural sciences. These texts, intended primarily for students of agriculture, should also provide up-to-date technical background reading for the many agricultural workers in extension services, educational systems, or international bodies. The editors of Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences will select key subjects relating to the agricultural environment, agricultural physics and chemistry, soil science, plant sciences, animal sciences, food technology, and agricultural engineering for a critical and synthetic appraisal. An initial theoretical presentation will be used by authors of individual volumes in the series to develop a technical approach-including examples and practical solutions- to each subject. In addressing the advanced undergraduate and early graduate student of agriculture, selected authors will present the latest information, leavened with the lessons learned from their own experience, on precise and well-defined topics. Such books that widen the horizons of the student of agriculture can serve, too, as useful reference sources for the young specialist in the early years of his career. Many specialists who are involved in teaching agricultural science are isolated from universities and research institutions. This series will bring them up-to-date scientific information, thus keeping them in touch with progress. The basic objective of Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences is to effect a structural integration of the theoretic and technical approaches to agriculture. The books will be particularly helpful to extension specialists who have an ever-present need for the latest information in the day-to-day solving of practical problems. The increasing involvement of agricultural sciences in projects in developing countries has created a demand for clear, current texts on specific problems. The texts to be published in this new series, written by specialists from different countries, should provide this profession with the appropriate tools for insuring the effectiveness of schemes for agricultural development all over the world. The normal activities of the editors of Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences center around teaching and research, not publishing. It was our awareness of the scarcity of advanced texts that led us to accept Springer-Verlag's invitation to enter this field and to devote time to writing. We hope our endeavors will be met by the understanding of our colleagues-both scientists and teachers-and we hope that they will cooperate with us by using Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences in the way we envisage, so making a useful contribution to agriculture. The Editors

5 Preface The Netherlands school of soil scientists has always had particular interest in the relationship between land use and land resources. Nearly thirty years ago the late Professor C. H. EDELMAN wrote a book in Dutch on Socio-Economic Soil Science. In 1963 the present author published Aspects de Pedologie Appliquee (A la Baconniere, Neuchatel, Switzerland). Our knowledge of the resources aspects of land use has since then grown continuously, thanks in particular to the work ofthe Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ofthe United Nations in Rome. This knowledge crystallized in the FA 0 Expert Consultation on Land Evaluation, held at Wageningen in Latterly, the ecological aspects of land use and land resources have received increasing attention. This interest was much stimulated by the activities of the Division for Natural Resources Research of UNESCO, Paris, who sponsored the International Symposium on Integrated Surveys and Environmental Management in Developing Countries, held at the ltc/unesco Centre, Enschede, in The request to the author to write the present book, made by Dr. BRUNO Y ARON on behalf of editors and publishers, therefore came at a propitious moment. There are still many problems to be solved in the relationship between land use and land resources, but at least we have reached a stage at which a coherent text can be written. I am very grateful for this opportunity, which has enabled me to make use of nearly thirty years' experience in this field of study, experience obtained in various parts of the world. Agriculture is continuously advancing toward economic and social goals in accordance with the demands of human society. To this end, old and new technologies are being applied to the various kinds of land resources. A careful study of the kinds of land use and of the various resources involves a variety of methods of research and evaluation. Land management provides the means for maintaining a sound ecological balance together with optimal fulfillment of human demands. For a successful outcome, land use and land management have to be well adapted to the land resources and to the ecological conditions. Land improvement provides a further means of adapting land resources to human demand. It is impossible to acknowledge in a personal manner the contributions made to this work by the many people with whom I had contact during this period. In a general manner I thank here most sincerely the farmers of the Netherlands, Indonesia, Luxembourg, Cameroun, Ruanda, Tunisia, Iraq, Switzerland and Italy, from whom I probably learned more than from anybody else. I also thank my colleagues from these countries as well as from F AO and UNESCO and from Belgium, Iran, Egypt, Portugal, Scotland, England, Ireland, France, the German

6 VIII Preface Democratic Republic, the German Federal Republic, Israel, and the United States. A special word of thanks goes to my former colleagues at the Netherlands Soil Survey Institute and at the Agricultural University, Wageningen, as well as at the International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences (ltc), Enschede. My present cooperation with staff and students of the Laboratory for Physical Geography and Soil Science of the University of Amsterdam, has considerably increased my insight into the subject and was therefore indispensable for the writing of this book. Finally, I would like to mention by name a few persons who deserve my special thanks: the late Professor C. H. EDELMAN (Wageningen Agricultural University), Professor W. SCHERMERHORN (ltc), Dr. D. L. BRAMAO and Dr. R. DUDAL (FAO), Professor V. KOVDA (Moscow University), and Monsieur M. BATISSE (UNESCO). Special thanks go also to all those who permitted me to use illustrative material from their publications. Without the help and encouragement I received from the publisher and editors as well as from the administrative and secretarial staff of our laboratory, the attempt to write this book would probably not have succeeded. Without the work of our drawing office, the production of the figures would have constituted a major problem. I thank them all most sincerely. Amsterdam, January 1975 A. P. A. VINK

7 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Definitions Anthropological, Historical, and Institutional Aspects of Land Use Resources-Aspects of Land Use Present and Potential Land Use Chapter 2: Land Use Surveys 2.1 Principles of Land Use Surveys 2.2 Various Kinds of Land Use Surveys 2.3 Modern Survey Techniques Chapter 3: Land Utilization Types 3.1 General Agricultural Land Utilization Types 3.3 Typology of Agricultural Land Utilization 3.4 Non-Agricultural Land Utilization Types Chapter 4: Land Resources 4.1 General Introduction 4.2 Climate, Geology, Relief Climate Geology and Relief 4.3 Soil and Water Resources Soils Water Conditions 4.4 Other Land Resources Artifactial Resources Vegetation Resources Chapter 5: Landscape Ecology and Land Conditions 5.1 General Landscape Ecology 5.3 Land Resources Surveys 5.4 Land Use Requirements Cultural Ecosystems as Dynamic Complexes Crop Requirements

8 x Land Management Requirements Crop Responses to Management: Land Productivity Land Degradation Requirements of Non-Agricultural Land Utilization Types 5.5 Land Conditions Land Qualities Land Limitations Land Improvement Irrigation.... Chapter 6: Land Evaluation 6.1 General Actual Land Suitability and Soil Suitability 6.3 Potential Land Suitability 6.4 Land Evaluation Classifications 6.5 Land Evaluation Procedures General Land Resources Interpretation The Intersector Approach Chapter 7: Development of Land Use in Advancing Agriculture 7.1 General Land Use Improvement and Land Improvement 7.3 New Land Utilization Types Economic and Ecological Considerations References. Subject Index Contents