Effect of Biosolid Application on Bioavailability of Potassium in two Different Kinds of Soils Textures and Yield of Corn Plant

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1 Effect of Biosolid Appliction on Biovilbility of Potssium in two Different Kinds of Soils Textures nd Yield of Corn Plnt Azin Abthi 1 *, Mehrn Hoodji 2 1 *Corresponding uthor: Azin Abthi, Number of the Young Reserchers Club Islmic Azd University, Khorsgn, Brnch, Isfhn, Irn. 2 Assistnt. prof of Soil Science, Islmic Azd University, Khorsgn, Brnch, Isfhn, Irn. E-mil ddress: Az.Abthi@gmil.com Abstrct One of the most importnt problems in semirid nd rid regions soil is the orgnic mtter loss. The mjority of clcreous soils in rid nd some semirid regions of Irn re low in fertility, orgnic mtter content nd productivity. These soils re usully chrcterized by high ph due to the presence of crbontes nd by low contents in orgnic mtter. Interction between mcronutrient nd orgnic mtter is considered importnt on the biovilbility of these elements to plnts. Biosolids ppliction on griculturl lnd s fertilizer is commonly in mny countries. Mnure is one of the biosolids tht rich in mcro nd micro nutrients. The objective of this study is the evlution of the effects Mcronutrients uptke by corn from biosolid treted soils. This study ws crried out in 48 pots in greenhouse using fctoril experiment design s completely rndomized nd ech tretment ws replicted three times. Tretments included tree levels for or control, 25, nd 5 Mg h -1 Mnure nd soil including two different clcreous soils. The soil texture were cly lom with 39% cly, 34% silt nd 27% snd nd sndy lom with 7% cly, 24% silt nd 69% snd. Plnts were cut for nlysis 8 weeks fter plnting nd mde redy for chemicl nlyses. Mcronutrient concentrtions in shoots, roots of the plnts nd soils were determined seprtely. Soil smples were ir-dried, sieved (2 mm), nd nlyzed for ph nd electricl conductivity (EC) in soil sturtion extrcts nd orgnic crbon (C) by stndrd methods. The results showed tht orgnic mtter tretment hd positive nd significnt effect on the shoot dry mtter weight nd the uptke index of potssium ws incresed significntly compred to the control. Mnure ppliction (5 Mg h -1 ) incresed potssium trnsfercoefficient significntly in sndy lom. Mnure ppliction (5 Mg h -1 ) incresed significntly, concentrtion of potssium in shoot nd root. In generl, corn yields incresed significntly in the biosolid tretment in cly lom soils. Incresing yield relted to nitrogen nd phosphorus rtes tht existing in biosolid. Soil orgnic mtter content hs long been suggested s the single most importnt indictor of soil Productivity. This cn result in beneficil effects biosolid on soil fertility nd plnt nutrition. It seems necessry to provide resonble levels of orgnic mtter for chieving higher yield nd sustinble griculture one of the strtegies is using orgnic fertilizer mong them mnure. Keywords: Biosolid; Mnure; Mcronutrient; Potssium; Corn Plnt; Clcreous Soils; 1. INTRODUCTION Agriculturl lnd use could result in declined soil fertility, especilly reduced soil orgnic crbon nd soil N [8]. Lnd ppliction of biosolids hs received incresed ttention in the lst 2 decdes [5, 14] nd it could help to replenish the reduced soil orgnic mtter, supply nutrients, such s N, P, K, S nd essentil micronutrients to plnts, improve soil texture nd wter holding cpcity, nd hve beneficil effects on microbil biomss nd ctivity [6,12]. 891

2 Of ll frming prctices, rtionl fertiliztion is mong the most importnt mesures for the sustinble crop production required to meet the food demnd of the growing popultion of the country. There hve been concerns tht soil degrdtion thretens the sustinbility of cropping systems [4, 16]. Use of mnures is generlly seen s key prctice for mintining soil fertility nd griculturl sustinbility in the whetmize rottion nd rice-bsed cropping systems [1, 17, nd 18]. These difficult climtic conditions hve fvored greenhouse production of mny kinds of crops (e.g., vegetbles, ornmentl plnts). Our ims were to (i) determine effects of compost ppliction on yield of plnt (mize); (ii) to investigte the effects of mnure usge on potssium concentrtion in two soils nd plnt. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Greenhouse Study The experiment ws conducted t the Isfhn Azd University Reserch Sttion, locted pproximtely 12 km north est of Isfhn city (32 4 N; E). A pot experiment ws conducted to compre mnure tht the study ws crried out in greenhouse using fctoril experiment design: biosolid pplictions such s mnure, with levels (25 nd 5 Mg h -1 ), control nd soil (Cly Lom) with three replictions. The soil textures were two soils (Cly Lom, Sndy Lom) with three replictions. The soil texture were cly lom with 39% cly, 34% silt nd 27% snd nd sndy lom with 7% cly, 24% silt nd 69% snd. Some properties of the soil nd mnure re shown in (Tble 1) Smpling nd nlysis in soil nd plnt Soil smples were ir-dried, sieved (2 mm), nd nlyzed for ph nd electricl conductivity (EC) in soil sturtion extrcts nd orgnic crbon (C) by stndrd methods [2], for CEC using the [15]. Totl N (Kjeldhl method), phosphorus (P) (vndo-molybdte spectrophotometer method), nd potssium (K) were determined by (flme photometry) [3, 11, 13]. Some properties of the soil nd mnure re shown in (Tble 1). Ze Mize ws selected for this experiment. The plnts were grown in greenhouse for 75 dys, nd in dy/night temperture regime of 25/18 ºC. The pots were regulrly djusted by weight to 4% of wter holding cpcity (WHC). Shoots nd roots were hrvested seprtely. Roots were wshed free of soil with tp wter, nd then rinsed with double-distilled wter. All the plnt smples were dried t 65ºC for 48 h, weighed, nd then ground with n gte mortr to pss through 2-mm sieve. Plnt dry mtter yield ws determined 1 weeks fter plnting. The digestion qulity for ech plnt prt ws tested using repeted preprtion nd determintion of three replictes. The stndrd devition of the results for ech plnt prt ws less thn 5%. The concentrtions of K in shoot nd root were determined (dry Ashing) [7]. Finlly, concentrtions of elements K in soil nd plnt were determined by flme photometry technique Sttisticl nlysis All sttisticl nlyses were performed using SAS version 6.1 for personl computers. Mens of different tretments (level of sludge ppliction fter the lst ppliction) were compred using LSD (P B.5) test. 892

3 3. RESULTS 3.1. Effect of mnure on Concentrtion of K in two soils nd plnt Biosolid such s mnure ddition significntly (P <.1) incresed CEC, %OM, nd K concentrtions in (Cly lom) soil compred to the control. All the tretments were significntly higher, to two levels of mnure dditions hd with control (figure 1). Soil orgnic mtter content hs long been suggested s the single most importnt indictor of soil productivity [9]. Potssium is n element with high solubility tht cn be trnsmission esily with soluble nions in sndy soils [1]. The orgnic mtter tretment hd positive nd significnt effect on the shoot dry mtter weight nd the uptke index of potssium ws incresed significntly in cly lom soil compred to the control. The uptke index t 5 Mg h -1 mnure rte ws incresed, becuse this tretment hs higher biomss compred to other tretments (figure 2). However, dry yields of mize (75% respectively) incresed significntly (p<.1) in the mnure (5Mg h - 1 ) tretment in cly lom soil (figure 2). Mnure gve the highest shoot biomss, n intermedite level s follows control. Root biomss levels were much lower thn shoot biomss levels. Mnure ppliction (5 Mg h -1 ) incresed potssium trnsloction fctor significntly in sndy lom more thn cly lom (figure 2). Mnure ppliction (5 Mg h -1 ) incresed significntly, concentrtion of potssium in shoot nd root. In ll tretments with the mnure significntly higher levels of K were present compred with the levels in the controls. But must be ttention to kind of soil texture s index, for biosolid such s mnure usge especilly in the rid nd semi-rid. In clcreous soils with high CCO3 nd ph, the vilble potssium is low; lso ppliction of potssium fertilizers cn reduce the vilble micronutrient. The results showed tht the Mnure is suitble fertilizer for providing the mcronutrient (N, K, P), of the plnts in the soils, especilly in clcreous soil of Isfhns region. Some long-term fertiliztion experiments show tht orgnic mendments hve positive effects on yield trends, i.e. continue to increse yield [17]. 4. CONCLUSIONS This study showed tht ppliction of mnure not only provides extr orgnic crbon nd mjor nutrients such s nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) nd potssium (K), but lso improves soil physicl nd chemicl properties nd consequently trces metl retention or mobility. The increse in orgnic C nd CEC fter mnure ppliction could be explined by the lrge mount of orgnic mtter in the mnure nd the lrge CEC of the orgnic mtter. It seems necessry to provide resonble levels of orgnic mtter for chieving higher yield nd sustinble griculture one of the strtegies is using orgnic fertilizer mong them mnure. REFERENCES 1-Adrn, D. C., 1998, Trce elements in the terrestril environment. Springer Vlly, NewYork Blck, C. A., (ed) 1965, Methods of soil nlysis. Prts 1 nd 2. Agronomy. Am. Soc. Of Agronomy. Mdison, WI9: Bremner, J. M., nd Mulvney, C. S., 1982, Nitrogen totl. Methods of soil nd nlysis, prt 2: chemicl nd microbiologicl properties, 2 nd ed. Soil Sci Soc. A. M. K. In publisher. P,

4 4-Decost, W. A., nd Sngkkr, U. R., 26, Agronomic regenertion of soil fertility in tropicl Asin smllholder uplnds for sustinble food production. The Journl of Agriculturl Science, Cmbridge 144, During, R., nd Gth, S., 22, Utiliztion of municipl orgnic wstes in Agriculture: where do we stnd, where will we go? Journl of Plnt Nutrition nd Soil Science. 165, Ghosh, P. K., Mnn, M. C., Dyl, D., nd Wnjri, R. H., 26, Crbon sequestrtion potentil nd sustinble yield index for groundnut- nd fllow-bsed cropping systems. Journl of Agriculturl Science, Cmbridge 144, Gorsuch, T. T., 197, Destruction of orgnic mtter. Int. Series of Monogrphs in nlyticl Chemistry. Vol. 39. Pergmon Press, New York. 8-Hynes, R. J., Dominy, C. S., nd Grhm, M. H., 23, Effect of griculturl lnd use on soil orgnic mtter sttus nd the composition of erthworm communities in KwZulu-Ntl, South Afric. Agriculture, Ecosystems nd Environment. 95, Hynes, R. J., 25, Lbile orgnic mtter frctions s centrl components of the qulity of griculturl soils, n overview. Adv. Agron. 85, Jing, D., Hengsdijk, H., Di, T. B., Deboer, W., Qi, J., nd Co, W. X., 26, Long-term effects of mnure nd inorgnic fertilizers on yield nd soil fertility for winter whetmize system in Jingsu, Chin. Pedosphere 16, Kudsen, D., Peterson, G. A., nd Prtt, P. F., 1982, Lithinging, sodium nd potssium PP In pge, A. L., Miller, R. H., nd D.R. Keeney Methods of soil nd nlysis, prt 2 : chemicl nd microbiologicl properties, 2 nd ed. Soil Sci Soc. A. M. K. In publisher. 12-Leifield, J., Siebert, S., nd Kogel-Knbner, A., 22, Biologicl ctivity nd orgnic mtter minerztion of soils mended with biowste compost. Journl of Plnt Nutrition nd Soil Science. 165, Olsen, S. R., nd Sommers, L. E., 1982, Phosphorus. P In pge, Miller, A.L., nd Keeney, D. R., 1982, Methods of soil nd nlysis, prt 2 : chemicl nd microbiologicl properties, 2 nd ed. Soil Sci Soc. A. M. 14-Robinson, M. B., Polglse, P. J., nd Weston, C. J., 22, Loss of mss nd nitrogen from biosolids pplied to pine plnttion. Austrlin Journl of Soil Science. 4, Rhodes, J. D., 1982, Ction exchnge cpcity. In: Pge AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (eds), Method of soil nlysis.prt 2. Agronomy, vol 9, 2nd edn, pp Tylor, B. R., Younie, D., Mtheson, S., Coutts, M., Myer, C., Wtson, C. A., nd Wlker, R. L., 26, Output nd sustinbility of orgnic ly/rble crop rottions t two sites in northern Scotlnd. The Journl of Agriculturl Science, Cmbridge 144, Tble 1- Selected chemicl properties of the soils nd mnure used in the experiment. Prmeter ph Ec CEC OM N P K - ds/m Cmol + /kg % % Cly Lom Sndy Lom Mnure

5 b d c b 2 clylom snd Lom Control Mnure 25 Ton Mnure 5 Ton Figure 1. Comprtive between two different levels of mnure nd control in two soils. () bcd b clylom e cde snd Lom bc (b) de cd clylom bc cde b snd Lom Control Mnure 25 Ton Mnure 5 Ton Control Mnure 25 Ton Mnure 5 Ton (c).5.4 bcd b def de bc clylom snd Lom Control Mnure 25 Ton Mnure 5 Ton Figure 2- Effect of Mnure on dry mtter (), Trnsloction Fctor of K (b), uptke index of K(c), between two different levels of mnure nd control in two different soils. 895