The Gender Gap in Agricultural Productivity in Africa

Transcription

1 The Gender Gap in Productivity in Africa The Size of the Gap, its Cost and Possible Avenues for Programming Niklas Buehren Africa Gender Innovation Lab, World Bank

2 Why should we care about women farmers productivity? in Sub-Saharan Africa hasn t reached its full potential yet One enormous inefficiency is the pervasive gender gap in agriculture Women farmers have unequal access to key agricultural inputs such as land, labor, knowledge and fertilizer are consistently found to be less productive

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5 Potential gross gains from closing the gender gap in three African countries Malawi Tanzania Uganda Increase in Crop Production 7.3% 2.0% 2.8% Increase in agricultural GDP $90 million $85 million $58 million Increase in total GDP $100 million $105 million $67 million People lifted out of Poverty 238,000 80, ,000

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7 While each country s gender gap is unique, there are some factors that cut across all countries Availability of agricultural labor Use of fertilizer Knowledge and information

8 Thank you!

9 Moving Women Up the Value Chain in Market System Challenges and Solutions By Soukeyna Cisse DIOP

10 Story of a young woman farmer Imagine Mariama

11 African Women in Professor Mandivamba Rukuni, a Zimbabwean researcher and land policy analyst. Africa is still on average 60% rural in population. According to the World Farmers Organization, 80% of the agricultural production in Africa comes from small scale women farmers. The report of the Food and and Organization in 2012 showed that in countries such as Senegal, Egypt and South Africa, female share of the agricultural labour force varied from 25% to 35%.

12 Challenges & Solutions Land Acquisition Water Supply Training/Education/Access to Information Financing Lack of Empowerment Accessibility to lands and protection of land rights. Research and Development on affordable and simplified water systems. Ex: Wells. Training and Information centers on full agricultural value chain, business leadership and entrepreneurship. Loan programs and grants tailored to meet the funding needs of women farmers. Women Empowering Women, Youth Investment and Equal Opportunities.

13 A Social Impact Family Neighborhood Community/ Town/ Area

14 'To all the young Women in, we are the future. Keep being agents of change and keep empowering your peers. Educate yourselves and educate others. Sharing is caring, and caring is our nature.'

15 What works to empower women in value chains? Dr. Hazel Malapit Research Coordinator International Food Policy Research Institute

16 What is a value chain? What is women s role in value chains? Full sequence of activities: conception production transformation marketing delivery consumption disposal Women typically remain small farmers/producers, with low returns A small minority are entrepreneurs in transportation, marketing, export, where more value is added and returns are higher (Rubin and Manfre 2014)

17 Types of upgrading Process upgrading United States Definition Upgrading value chains: constraints and opportunities for women and men (Rubin and Manfre 2014; Pietrobelli and Rabelloti 2006) Increase efficiency of production processes, reducing unit costs; can involve improved organization of production process, improved technology Implications for women-owned businesses Do women have access to, or capital to afford, improved technologies? Product upgrading Functional upgrading Channel upgrading Social upgrading Improve quality of product to increase value to consumers Entry into a new, higher-value-added function in the value chain, closer to consumers Entry into a marketing channel that leads to a new end market (e.g. exports) Improvements in living standards (increases in wages and work conditions), increasing gender equality in wages, assets, returns, increasing resistance to shocks Need for training, certification Can women-owned businesses overcome barriers to improvement and scaling up? Need for licensing, certification, operating at scale (or consolidation) Improved gender equity, strengthening women s social capital (as a way to increase other capitals), reduced vulnerability

18 Integrating gender issues into agricultural value chains research for development Rubin, Manfre, and Nichols Barrett 2009

19 WEAI Construction Five domains of empowerment (5DE) A direct measure of women s empowerment in 5 dimensions Women s Empowerment in Index (WEAI) 90% 10% Gender parity Index (GPI) Women s achievement s relative to the primary male in household All range from zero to one higher values = greater empowerment

20 The 5DE reflects a woman s achievements

21 Empowerment domain United States Decisionmaking over production, wage employment processing, marketing Resources Needs Empowering women in value chains: Efficiency, competitiveness, and gender equity Information about prices, profitability, market opportunities; quality upgrading, certification; scaling up; information about employment opportunities Assets (specifically business assets, place of business, equipment, transport assets) What works to empower women? Business training, certification, better access to information (radio, mobile phones, training male and female extension workers to work with women); safe work; women-friendly labor market policies Legal rights to property, financial services (group lending plus graduation), protected savings accounts, transportation Control of income Leadership in community Time How to control own income, and reinvest it in business or in family? How to protect women s control of income? Producer and marketing groups for service delivery, training, marketing; strengthening women s groups Reduce drudgery; support to help balance productive and reproductive tasks External : protected bank accounts, group accounts; internal : negotiation skills (with business partners and intrahousehold) Groups as the link between farm and market, training delivery; strengthening women s groups Infrastructure; equipment to reduce drudgery (suited to women); affordable child care; men s support in domestic tasks

22 Thank You

23 Women s Land Rights: An Enabler of Transformational Rural Development Dr. Jolyne Sanjak, Chief Program Officer, Landesa, October 11, 2016 Des Moines

24 THE PROBLEM Too many women and men in agriculture do not have adequate rights to land This constrains their development There is a significant gender gap That means women are even more constrained as farmers as un-empowered members of households and communities 2

25 INADEQUATE LAND RIGHTS CONSTRAIN WOMEN On the farm/in the field: her parcel is probably smaller and lower quality she might not have control over what crops are grown she might not be as motivated to invest in productivity and in soil conservation Beyond the farm: she might be excluded from meetings and decision-making of farmer associations/coops she might not have control over the sale of the fruits of her labor nor the income earned other? 3

26 In fact, she might not even have the label farmer if she does not own land 4

27 Overview: Why Land Rights Matter 5

28 We don t have adequate data about women s land ownership This FAO data suggests that women as a share of agricultural holders is significantly lower as compared to men. Experts agree that there is a gender gap in access to secure land rights Yet 6

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30 Why Women s Land Rights Matter? United States 8

31 IN HER OWN WORDS Quotations from beneficiaries of a USAID-funded, Landesa-supported project in Rwanda s Eastern Province: Promoting Peace through Dispute Resolution The most significant change for me is that now I have security at my home. Disputant I am able to farm again and my husband no longer sells the harvest without my consent today I can pay for health insurance; my children are now safe. Disputant The main success of this project is that women got someone to advocate for them. Local authority For more detail, please see Rose-of-Rwanda video... 9

32 SOLUTION PATH 3 PIECES OF THE PUZZLE 1. Law and Policy 2. Access to Rights in Practice (Allocation and Documentation) 10

33 SOLUTION PATH 3 PIECES OF THE PUZZLE 3. Complementary Measures land literacy training dispute mediation support & legal assistance awareness building and training of public servants - connecting land rights to other aspects of agricultural development 11

34 AN ACTION TO TAKE INVEST IN SECURING WOMEN S LAND RIGHTS! Embrace a grand development challenge: how to deliver land rights to women, girls (and, men and boys) at scale. Support empowerment, nutrition, well-being, productivity and asset leverage for all those women and girls in agriculture, moving them up the value chain and out of poverty! 12

35 THE WORLD WE WANT INCLUDES WOMEN S LAND RIGHTS 13

36 Thanks for Your Consideration