FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DISEASES

Transcription

1 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DISEASES

2 Disease Management of Fruits and Vegetables VOLUME 1 Series Editor: K.G. Mukerji, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

3 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DISEASES Edited by K.G. MUKERJI Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

4 ebook ISBN: Print ISBN: Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this ebook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's ebookstore at:

5 SERIES EDITOR'S PREFACE The advances made in food production may be lost if adequate attention is not given to plant diseases due to pathogens, pests and physiological disbalance. Introduction of new cultivars have resulted in addition to already existing major diseases, certain minor and new diseases and have assumed serious proportions resulting in considerable damage to the crop. Sometimes even epiphytotics have occurred resulting in total loss of the crop. A recent survey indicates that the world population has increased by 90% in the past 40 years while food production has increased by only 25% per head. With an additional 15 billion mouths to feed by 2020, farmers worldwide will have to produce 39% more. Seeing the load of food requirements the eating habits are slightly changing and shifting towards fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables make a unique contribution to human diet as the key source of nutrition for around 6 billion ingredients for healthier nutrition in modern technological societies. During the past twentieth century, pant pathology has witnessed a dramatic advancement in management of plant diseases through in depth investigations of host parasite interactions, integration of new concepts, principles and approaches. Effort is being made to bring out this book in several volumes to compile the achievements of twentieth century with regards to disease managements of fruits and vegetables which otherwise is widely dispersed in various scientific journals, government reports and university dissertations etc. and to develop future strategies for the new millennium. Disease Management means use of a combination of methods to check a whole spectrum of pathogens, pests, physiological changes within a particular cropping system. The aim of this series is to provide an overview of Disease management of fruits and vegetables, highlighting the major problem areas and contentious issues and where possible attempting to identify promising lines and directions for future research and implementation. Disease management involves a number of stake holders ranging from scientists to farmers and agribusiness to consumers. As a reference book series for students', researchers, managers and administrators, emphases is placed on the underlying principles and experimental approaches to the science that underpins

6 vi the development of working management systems. Disease management is a holistic science rather than emphasis on isolated disciplines. For it is still at this holistic level that the greatest and most exciting advances are to be made. For this reason we decided to publish several volumes with individual volume accordingly as and when they are ready. We expect now to deal with this problem in some greater detail as we uncovered an obvious need for better information in the area and consequently the need for separate editors for each volume with me. First Volume Fruit and Vegetable Diseases has been edited by me and consists of thirteen chapters under three sections. Sections I and II deal with diseases of some important crops and their management. Major types of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, viruses and insects etc. causing diseases and loss have been included. Losses due to nutrient deficiency and their management has been dealt with great authority. Decrease in yield of fruit loss due to vertebrate activity and their management has also been included. The third section is devoted to general themes giving integrated ideas and information essential for clear understanding. These chapters deal with some important mechanisms/approaches used for management of diseases. I thank Miss Claire van Heukelom and Dr. Ir. J.A. Flipsen at Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands Plant Science Unit for their encouragement, active support, cooperation and dedicated assistance in editorial structuring. I am specially thankful to Amber A. Tanghe- Neely of Kluwer Academic Publishers for final copy editing. I am looking forward to working together towards future volumes and enhancing the literature on various topics related to Management of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases. We are indebted to all authors for their up-to-date discussions on various topics. The articles are original and some aspects have been included for the first time in any book on plant pathology. Since these chapters have been written by independent authors, there is possibility of a slight overlap/repition of certain facts but this is unavoidable in task like this. We offer these volumes to the scientific community interested in plant diseases with the hope that these will be of great help to users. Delhi, September 2003 K.G. Mukerji

7 VOLUME 1 : FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DISEASES Section 1 : Fruit Diseases CONTENT 1. Nutrient Deficiency Disorders in Fruit Trees 03 and Their Management C. Chatterjee and B.K. Dube 2. Apple Scab and its Management 41 R.L. Nicholson and J.E. Rahe 3. State of the Art and Challenges of 59 Post-harvest Disease Management in Apples M.H. Jijakli and P. Lepoivre 4. Role of Vertebrates in Inflicting Diseases in 95 Fruit Orchards and their Management A.K.Chakravarthy Section 2 : Vegetable Diseases 5. Nutrient Deficiency Disorders in 145 Vegetables and their Management C. Chatterjee and B.K. Dube 6. Major Fungal and Bacterial Diseases of 189 Potato and their Management R. K. Arora and S. M. Paul Khurana 7. Potato Diseases and their Management 233 S. Kaur and K.G. Mukerji 8. Seed-borne Fungal Diseases of Onion 281 and their Control Nuray Özer and N.Desen Köycü 9. Management of Sugarbeet Diseases 307 S.N. Srivastava

8 viii 10. Threat to Vegetable Production by Diamondback 357 Moth and its Management Strategies S. Lingappa, K. Basavanagoud, K. A. Kulkarni, Roopa S. Patil and D. N. Kambrekar 11. Biocontrol of Nematode-borne Diseases in 397 Vegetable Crops G. Saxena Section 3 : General Themes 12. Biological control mechanisms of fluorescent 453 Pseudomonas species involved in control of root diseases of vegetables/ fruits V. Anjaiah 13. Prospects of Arbuscular mycorrhiza in 501 sustainable management of root- and soil-born diseases of Vegetable crops M.P. Sharma, A. Gaur, Tanu and O.P. Sharma Index 541 List of contributors 553