ANALYSING INTERNATIONAL MARKETS FRAMEWORKS AND TRADE DYNAMICS: Greater Transparency and Dialogue Towards Inclusive Trade for Tuna

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1 ANALYSING INTERNATIONAL MARKETS FRAMEWORKS AND TRADE DYNAMICS: Greater Transparency and Dialogue Towards Inclusive Trade for Tuna YOONJEE KIM Fishery and Aquaculture Officer (Trade and Regulatory Affairs) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

2 Introduction Overview of international trade dynamics International Governance Framework and Trade Regime Market Access Issues Combating IUU Fishing Capacity Building and FAO Technical Assistance SDG 14 and moving forward

3 Overview of International Trade of Fish and Fishery products

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5 Projected Fish Demand (Fish to 2030, FAO)

6 Review of the International Framework Governance Frameworks World Trade Organization UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) UN Fish Stocks Agreement FAO Instruments Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Compliance Agreement IPOA-IUU; Port State Measures Agreement (PSMA) Voluntary Guidelines on Catch Documentation Schemes Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries Regional Trade Agreements: inclusion of fish traderelated obligation and

7 International fisheries instruments UNCLOS (1982)* FAO Compliance Agreement (1993)* FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (1995) UN Fish Stocks Agreement (1995)* FAO Port State Measures Agreement (2009)* International Plans of Action Sharks, Seabirds, Capacity, IUU ( ) International Guidelines FSP, SSF, BC/DC, DSF, [CDS] ( ) Strategies on information STF, STA ( ) * Binding Contain relevant provisions to combat IUU fishing

8 Potential Market Access Issues Tariff escalation Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures New regulations that are arbitrary, unjustified discrimination or a disguised restriction Costs to harmonizing national SPS regulations with international standards Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Quality assurance - International certification for fish exports Proliferation of private/voluntary standards Supply Chain and Market-related Measures and requirements Harmful subsidies - trade distorting, certain capacityenhancing subsidies

9 Tariffs and Fish Trade Average tariff of 4.5% on fish imports by developed countries. Tariff escalation for processed fish (value-added products) Tariff peak on some species Erosion of Non-Reciprocal Preferences in Nonagricultural market access (NAMA) Reduction of the preferential market access historically available to main exports. Reduction of bound tariffs reduction in relative competitiveness of ACP exports. Multilateral/regional liberalization, special fisheries deals Further highlighting how Non-Tariff Measures(NTMs) and SPS measures play a big role in fish trade.

10 Non-Tariff Measures Objectives: Protection of human safety or health Protection of animal or plant health Increased environmental/sustainability/consumer considerations Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) Specific characteristics of a product Product s process and production methods Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures Risk-based; internationally acceptable standards Implications: both quantitative and qualitative Need to explore options for simplification, harmonization or mutual recognition (even in the context of bilateral, regional trade agreements. Transparency, openness and coherence.

11 SPS and TBT measures for fish and fish products (HS codes 03, 1604 and 1605)

12 Combating IUU Fishing: denying market access Broad terms Strengthening of national and regional policy and legislative frameworks. PSMA; Voluntary Guidelines on Catch Documentation Schemes Integration of effective trade measures risk analysis, recognizing equivalence, conformity with intl. law Ongoing global initiatives and collaboration. Interoperability. Industry cooperation vital. Certification, traceability, chain of custody and auditing key components. E.g. Common Oceans global sustainable fisheries management and biodiversity conservation in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) Information systems and knowledge management systems.

13 IUU Regulations, Import Monitoring Programs, Traceability Objective: prevent IUU-caught seafood from entering the market + combating seafood fraud Reporting and recordkeeping requirements Traceability: risk-based; from point of harvest to entry. Formulation and public notice and engagement stakeholder consultations and industry input. Impact assessment. Outreach and engagement with importers, foreign trading partners and seafood processors Emerging issues: Aligning information and key data elements Verifying traceability along the supply chain Traceability technology Implications for SMEs in developing countries (costs associated with aligning business practices needed to enable interoperability)

14 Sustainable Development Goals SDG 14 An opportunity for fisheries. Real commitment to cooperate and address issues across geographical, institutional and sectoral boundaries. Reduce harmful fishing efforts (over-capacity, IUU) Positive action to rebuild depleted fisheries Remove harmful fishery subsidies, where possible Enhance effective area management for the conservation of biodiversity Strengthen implementation of global agreements and instruments. Facilitating market access for SSF Tuna 2020 Traceability Declaration UNCTAD-FAO-UNEP Joint Statement (2016)

15 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Specialized UN Agency, established in Mandate: raising levels of nutrition and standards of living of the peoples under their respective jurisdictions, securing improvements in the efficiency of the production and distribution of all food and agricultural products, and bettering the condition of rural populations, and thus contributing toward an expanding world economy. Neutral forum to direct global policy; development of international instruments; technical assistance Gathers and disseminates information and data: e.g. resource management, market analysis, stock assessment HQ in Rome, Italy. 5 regional offices, 9 sub-regional offices, 142 country offices and 5 liaison offices.

16 FAO s Technical Assistance and Capacity Building Efforts Country/region-led identification, prioritization and planning of activities. Includes assistance to meet regulatory requirements set by key importing states. Global Action Programme on Food Security and Nutrition in Small Island Developing States (GAP) Umbrella Programme to Combat IUU fishing - implementation Blue Growth Initiative SDG 14 Targets covered: 14.4, 14.6, 14.7, and 14.b Eco-labeling, traceability and certification programs/requirements WTO subsidies negotiations International Guidelines for Securing Small-Scale Fisheries; ensuring more equitable distribution of benefits and greater market access

17 Thank You YoonJee Kim