Session 3 LAND AND CHANGING LAND GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES. Session Moderator: Hon. Chance Kabaghe. Keynote Presenter: Antony Chapoto, PhD

Transcription

1 Session 3 LAND AND CHANGING LAND GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES Session Moderator: Hon. Chance Kabaghe 4 th RENAPRI Stakeholder Conference Lagoon Beach Hotel Cape Town, Nov. 30-Dec 1, 2017 Keynote Presenter: Antony Chapoto, PhD

2 Land Land is the prime factor of production Land access and utilization is *economically complex, * sometimes politically sensitive The facts of history

3 What is the problem? Increased demand for natural resources Food, water and energy insecurity Rapid urbanization Natural disasters Climate change The world today faces many complex challenges Violent conflict LAND DIMENSION

4 .What is the problem? Increased demand by indigenous urbanites, elite and well connected Increased demand by large-scale foreign investors Unequal access to land Insecurity of tenure Land is increasingly recognized as an important governance issue. Unsustainable land use Weak institutions for dispute and conflict resolution Increased corruption in terms of land allocations Many land-based investments take place in environments where land governance is weak and land rights are insecure or undocumented Unclear, undocumented or contested land rights leading to dispossession of local people create significant investment risks for the private sector. tension between investors and local communities

5 Is Africa Really Land Abundant?

6 .Is Africa Really Land Abundant? Africa contains roughly half of the world s remaining 450 million hectares (WB report estimates) Sub-Saharan Africa is conventionally viewed as a land-abundant region

7 Land Availability in Africa Nine countries contain at least 90% of Africa s unutilized arable land

8 Land Constraints POPULATION DENSITY IN ZAMBIA Settlements concentrated on areas with infrastructure

9 Increasing Land Scarcity HECTARES OF ARABLE LAND PER PERSON IN AGRICULTURE 0.6 (10 YEAR AVERAGE) Year World Population Arable land per capita bln 5,600 m bln 2,300 m bln 1500 m 2 Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Malawi Kenya Mozambique Source: Jayne, Muyanga and Chamberlin, compute from FAO STAT (2010).

10 Rural Population in SSA Source: United Nations,

11 A Revolutionary Change in Farmland Ownership African governments past policy attention to land grabs by international investors. Diverting attention away from two other processes that may be affecting Africa s economic development trajectory: The pace of land acquisitions by medium-scale African investors, who now control more land than large-scale foreign investors The overall impact of land transactions on the viability of African governments smallholder-led development agricultural strategies

12 Changes in Farm Structure in Zambia ( ) Farm size category Number of farms % growth in number of farms % of total cultivated area ha 638, , % 2 5 ha 159, , ha 20, , ha 2,352 53, % ha -- 13,839 na Total 820,341 1,399, Source: Zambia MAL Crop Forecast Surveys, 2001 and 2012

13 Changes in Farm Structure in Tanzania ( ) Farm size category Number of farms % growth in number of farms % of total cultivated area ha 5,454,961 6,151, % 5 10 ha 300, , ha 77, , % ha 45,700 64, Total 5,878,840) 6,732, LSMS/National Panel Surveys, 2008 and 2012

14 Changes in Farm Structure in Ghana ( ) Ghana Number of farms % growth in number of farms % of total cultivated area ha 1,458,540 1,582, ha 578, , ha 116, , ha 38, , ha 18,980 37, >100 ha -- 1, Total 2,211,900 3,057, % of total farmland Source: Ghana GLSS Surveys, 1992, 2013

15 Rise of the medium-scale farmers Percent Three sub-categories of medium scale farmers "Elite urban based" "Elite rural based" Successful smallholder farmers via farm expansion 5 Estimates from three countries Zambia, Kenya and Southern Ghana

16 Mode of Acquisition of all Farm Plots in Tanzania Percent of plots Percent of total farmland area Inherited 33.17% Gifted 10.33% Purchased 29.63% Borrowed 11.09% Rented 9.63% Other (squatting / cleared land/ allocated) 6.16% Observations 4,291 Source: NPS 2014/15 16

17 % of National Landholdings held by Urban Households 35% 32.7% 30% 26.8% 25% 22.0% 22.0% 20% 18.3% 16.8% 15% 10% 11.2% 10.9% 11.8% 5% 0% / Source: 2013/2014 DHS Ghana Kenya Malawi Rwanda Tanzania Zambia

18 Should We Be Worried? Continued rapid alienation of land to mediumand large-scale investors is likely to: exacerbate localized land scarcity; restrict the potential of smallholder-led development; put unrealistic pressure on the non-farm economy to absorb Africa s rapidly rising labor force; increase speculation and incidences of corruption; etc.

19 Rising Landholding Concentration Period Movement in Gini coefficient: Ghana (cult. area) (GLSS) Kenya (cult. area) (KIHBS) Tanzania (landholdings) (LSMS) When land is highly concentrated in the hands of few, growth tends to be concentrated Zambia (landholding) (CFS)

20 A process by which decisions are made regarding the access to and use of land, the manner in which those decisions are implemented and the way that conflicting interests in land are reconciled Land Governance Issues a simplified working definition Dispute resolution Gender and land rights Land governance structures Lack of information on Ownership and use who own what and for what purpose? Tenure issues ACTORS Context/Constraints Civil Society Individuals Public Sector LAND Traditional Leadersr Private Sector Corruption issues Customary land disappearing Smallholder displacement Who makes the decision on allocation of unutilized land

21 Land Tenure Security Push by medium to large scale land expansion exerting pressure on customary land authorities Illegal land allocations and informal settlements Delayed processes in acquiring title where required Unclear property rights and ignorance on legal provisions among rural populations 21

22 Women s Land Rights Policies tend to ignore gender issues Practice and custom, rather than law determine women's land rights. Women s land and property rights remain insecure, in both statutory or customary systems Are we making progress? 22

23 Some Innovations Provision of intermediate forms of tenure (land certificates, rights to occupy, short term leases, etc.) e.g. Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania Large scale land titling programmes e.g. Tanzania, Mozambique very cost effectiveavoiding repeated and costly surveyor visits to the same area. National land policy processes happening in many countries. nationally-led processes: e.g. South Africa extensive engagement of the international community- e.g. in Sudan. Highly consultative land policy process e.g. Burkina Faso Legal recognition of customary forms of tenure, e.g. in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Uganda, Zambia 23

24 Some Questions for Discussion Who is looking for land and for what purpose? Why the rush for customary land? Who is looking for this land and what kind of land sizes are they looking for? Who should it be given to- speculators, absentee landlords, rural dwellers? What innovations are needed to deal with rising land governance issues? Is customary system secure in ownership, can it ever be used as collateral? Will banks ever recognize Chiefs certificates? Land markets and land tax- is the political economy right? Do we have a system in place to interrogate that? How can this be implemented?

25 Thank You Beware of the small guy!!!!