8. OBSERVATIONS, RESULT & DISCUSSION. Age Group Frequency % Cumulative Frequency

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1 Observation and Result & Discussion OBSERVATIONS, RESULT & DISCUSSION 1. Analysis of Distribution of Age Out of 150 respondents, 8.67% (13) from the age group of years, 24% (36) from years age group, 37.33% (56) ) from years age group and 3 (45) ) from 50 years and above age group. Table 8.1 Frequency Distribution of Age Age Group Frequency % Cumulative Frequency & above Total % % % & above Age Figure 8.1 Distribution of Age

2 Observation and Result & Discussion 182 Youth is the biggest strength of the Nation and we have the maximum youth population in the world but they are not interested to make their career in agriculture. The analysis of above data indicates that youth are diverting from agriculture to other occupation. It is not a healthy situation for the country. 2. Analysis of level of education Out of 150 respondents, 12% (18) are illiterate, 2 (30) literate, 33.33% (50) primary, 1 (15) middle passed, 14.67% (22) Secondary, 6% (9) Senior Secondary and only 4% (6) graduate. Table 8.2 Frequency Distribution of Education Education Frequency % Cumulative Frequency Illiterate Literate Primary Middle Secondary Sr. Secondary Graduation Total It can be observed that more than 65% respondents are illiterate, literate or primary passed. Lack of education may be the prominent cause of farmer s exploitation. Secondly, higher education has the negative impact on agricultural employment.

3 Observation and Result & Discussion % % Education 25% 2 15% 1 5% 12% % 6% 4% 0 Education Figure 8.2 Analysis of Education Level 3. Analysis of Income level 28% are below poverty line, 3 are below 1lac income, 34.67% are earning 1-3 lacs yearly and only 7.33% respondents have more than 3 lacs income per annum. Table 8.3 Frequency Distribution of Income level Income level Frequency % Cumulative Frequency BPL Below 1Lac Lacs Lacs & above Total

4 Observation and Result & Discussion 184 Income 34.67% 7.33% 28% BPL Below 1 Lac 1-3 Lac Above 3 Lacs 3 Figure 8.3 Distribution of Income level Money is the biggest motivation behind any work and agriculture is not an exception but the income opportunities seem very difficult in agriculture. When the 58% farmers are earning less than one lac annually, how will they survive how can we motivate them to adopt agriculture as an occupation? 4. Analysis of Gender Ratio among the people involved in Agriculture Activity When we asked about involvement of other family members in Agriculture Activity, 600 people are involved, out of them 76% are female. Gender 24% Male Femal e 76% Figure 8.4 Gender Ratio Analyses

5 Observation and Result & Discussion 185 It can be concluded that cultivation activities are dominated by female but are they getting same proportion in asset distribution, are doubtful? 5. Analysis of Farming as a full time Occupation 76% respondents are not completely involved in agriculture. They are also doing other works like small business, MGNREGA, private or government job. Main cause is lack of irrigation facility. 24% respondents have irrigation facility and out of them, 91.66% have adopted irrigation as full time occupation. All the others respondents who have non- irrigated land, are involved in other occupation also. Table 8.4 Irrigation Facility and Occupation Status Irrigation Status Full time Occupation Facility No. % Yes % No % Yes No % Area 76% 91.66% Full-Time Occupation Irrigated Non Irrigated Figure 8.5 Irrigation Facilities and Occupation Status

6 Observation and Result & Discussion 186 Providing irrigation facility to farmers is must in order to provide full time employment. Although there is Indira Gandhi life canal in Western Rajasthan which has changed the scenario of Agriculture, still we need to focus upon water management and other alternative arrangements. 6. Analysis of Source of getting seed and other agriculture inputs 73% farmers retain seeds of last year crop, 19% purchase from village trader or open marker and only 8% purchase from government agency or cooperative societies % 19% % Source Govt.Agency Purchased from Village Trader Retained from Last Year Crop Figure 8.6 Source of Getting Seeds When 73% farmers use seeds of last year crop then it can be derived that either they are not concern about the quality of seeds or they are not getting quality seeds through the proper channel. In cooperative societies, most of the time there is out of stock situation.

7 Observation and Result & Discussion Analysis of Organic Farming as an Agricultural Marketing Tool Around 85%farmers, who depend upon monsoon for agriculture, do not use chemicals and harmful pesticides to increase pesticides but they do not get the leverage during sales. Table 8.5 Awareness of Organic Farming as Agricultural Marketing Tool Irrigation Facility Status Use of Chemicals Awareness of Organic Farming No. % Yes % No % Yes % No % Yes No % Use of Chemicals 25% 7.0 Awareness of Organic Farming Irrigation Non-Irrigation Figure 8.7 Awareness of Organic Farming as Agricultural Marketing Tool There are two inferences from this analysis; first they do not know the marketing tool to en cash it, second there is lack of facility of scientific quality check.

8 Observation and Result & Discussion Analysis of the Sell of Agriculture Products 72% farmers sell their crops to village merchant, 24 % at Mandi and only 4 % sell to Government Agencies or processing unit in normal season. The main reason to sell it to village merchant is that they take loan in advance for agriculture inputs from that merchant on the condition of selling final crop to him only. Lack of infrastructure and small quantity of crop are other reasons. 94% farmers do not get fair price of their produce % 24% Sell of Agri Produce 4% Village Merchant Mandi Govt. Agencies Figure 8.8 Sell of Agriculture Products Fair Price 94% 6% No Yes Figure 8.9 Fair Price Analysis

9 Observation and Result & Discussion Hypothesis Testing of Effectiveness of Existing Agro Marketing Strategies Null Hypothesis (H 0 ) The existing agro marketing strategies are very effective and useful for Farmers. This hypothesis has been compared with various age groups of respondents and tested by Chi-square test. 76% respondents are not satisfied with the present agro marketing system. Table 8.6 Comparison with Age-Group Age Group Satisfy No. of Interviewed Percentage ( Interview *100) Expected Frequency (36*percentage) & Above Total One Sample X 2 Here a= Observed number of cases e= Expected number of Cases X 2 = (4-3.12) 2 + (9-8.64) 2 + ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 (3.12) (8.64) (13.44) (10.80)

10 Observation and Result & Discussion 190 = Calculated Value = Degree of Freedom = (r-1) (c-1) = (4-1) (2-1) = 3 Critical Value of X 2 = 7.82 {With 3 degree of freedom for 0.5 level of Significance (α)} Result- since the Calculated value is greater than critical value, so the null hypothesis is rejected Effective 76% 24% No Yes Figure 8.10 Effectiveness of Existing Agro Marketing Strategies Farmers are in favour of bringing transparent and effective strategies like direct farming, contact farming, Upgraded Information and Communication System, Infrastructure Development, Standardization and Grading System, Declaration of Agriculture as priority sector etc.

11 Observation and Result & Discussion Hypothesis Testing of Objective of taking Kisan Credit Card Null Hypothesis (H 0 ) The purchasing of Agricultural inputs is basic objective of farmers to get Kisan Credit Cards. All the respondents are aware about the Kisan Credit Card and everybody has taken it. 84% respondents consider it hassle free. When we compared the objectives for taking KCC with the various income groups and tested the hypothesis than one astonishing fact came before us that 78% farmers do not use it to purchase agriculture inputs rather they obtain it to get benefit of crop insurance and other government schemes. Table 8.7 Comparison with Income Group Income Group For Agri- Inputs No. of Interviewed Percentage ( Interview *100) 150 Expected Frequency (33*percentage) B.P.L Below 1Lac Lacs lacs & Above Total One Sample X 2 X 2 = (4-9.24) 2 + (7 9.90) 2 + ( ) 2 + (3 2.42) 2 (9.24) (9.90) (11.44) (2.42)

12 Observation and Result & Discussion 192 = Calculated Value = 9.26 Degree of Freedom = (r-1) (c-1) = (4-1) (2-1) = 3 Critical Value of X 2 = 7.82 {With 3 degree of freedom for 0.5 level of Significance (α)} Result- since the Calculated value is greater than critical value, so the null hypothesis is rejected. Objective 8% 14% Crop Insurance Agriculture Use Non Agriculture Use 78% Figure 8.11 Objective of Taking Kisan Credit Card

13 Observation and Result & Discussion 193 Source of Taking Kisan Credit Card 82% farmers have taken it from cooperative banks and regional rural banks, 16% from Nationalized Banks and only 2% from Private Banks, Easy availability, less documentation and higher penetration are main reasons behind it 2% Source 16% Rural/ Cooperative Banks Nationalized Banks Private Banks 82% Figure 8.12 Source of Taking Kisan Credit Card 11. Hypothesis Testing of Awareness of Various Government Scheme This hypothesis has been tested with education level of respondents. Irrespective of poor education level, 68% respondents are well aware about various government schemes but only 14% take advantage. Lack of proper guidance, non-transparent system and dominance of bureaucracy are main reason behind it. Table 8.8 Comparison with Education Education Aware ness No. of Interviewed Percentage ( Interview *100) 150 Expected Frequency (102*percentage) Illiterate Literate

14 Observation and Result & Discussion 194 Primary Middle Secondary Sr. Sec Graduation Total One Sample X 2 X 2 = ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 + (37 34) 2 + ( ) 2 (12.24) (20.20) (34) (10.2) ( ) 2 + (6 6.12) 2 + (4-4.08) 2 (14.96) (6.12) (4.08) = Calculated Value = Degree of Freedom = (r-1) (c-1) = (7-1) (2-1) = 6 Critical Value of X 2 = {With 6 degree of freedom for 0.5 level of Significance (α)} Result- since the Calculated value is less than critical value, so the null hypothesis is accepted.

15 Observation and Result & Discussion 195 Figure 8.13 Awareness of Various Government Scheme Usage Analysis KCC % No Yes 14% Other Scheme Figure 8.14 Usage Analysis of Various Government Scheme

16 Observation and Result & Discussion 196 Analysis of Discussion held with Officials. 1. Food Grain Procurement under Minimum Support Price In order to provide remunerative prices to cultivators On behalf of the Central Government, Food Corporation of India (FCI) along with State Governments and their agencies (NAFED, RAJFED) procure a sizeable quantity, of the total grain that is harvested in a season. Quantity of purchasing is decided according to Girdawari Report and payment is made within 15 days to cultivators. 2. Special Initiative taken by Agriculture Department and State Government Golden Rays Project, Water Program, Rashtriya Krishi Vijas Yojna, Soil Testing Facility, Promotion of Organic Farming, Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme, Promotion of Olive Cultivation and establishment of 2 Agriculture University are major initiative. 3. Credit limit in Kisan Credit Card The banks have followed the RBI guidelines given in the model scheme and fixed the limit on the basis of land holding, cropping pattern and scale of finance. Although the limit sanctioned under the card is in the nature of revolving cash credit and each withdrawal is repayable within 12 months, all the banks have advised their branches to fix specific repayment periods while sanctioning limit under Kisan Credit Cards. Normal limit is Rs. 20,000 per hectare. 4. Monitoring of end use of credit There is no systematic monitoring of the end use of the credit, the credit under KCC was used for non agricultural operation also but the managers feel that

17 Observation and Result & Discussion 197 the amount under KCC was not mis-utilized. There is huge pressure of sales so the officials are least bothered about end use. 5. Distribution Process of Subsidized Agriculture Inputs Subsidy is given on fertilizers. RAJFED collects the requirements of all cooperative societies working in Rajasthan and according to demand it purchases from IFFCO and KRIBHCO and distribute among the societies. 6. Suggestions for Effective Agro Marketing Strategies Apart from Contact Farming and Direct Farming, many officers strongly consider that e-choupal is very successful business model. It must be expanded in each village, dhaani and town for effective agricultural marketing.