Linking Food Security and Peace & Security from policy to practice

Transcription

1 Linking Food Security and Peace & Security from policy to practice 10 th February 2015 Centre for Security and Defence Studies Royal Higher Institute for Defence Francesco Rampa Head of Food Security Programme

2 I. : policy & practice II. CAADP as Dev. Effectiveness? III. EU s comprehensive approach and Resilience IV. Opportunities/ challenges for connecting more effectively Security & Food Security policies and processes Page 2

3 : policy & practice what we do on the ground Global, EU, ACP, Africa, EU- Africa Food Sec in Africa (CAADP), not price speculations & trends Page 3

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5 CAADP as Dev Effectiveness? - CAADP is a very advanced attempt at fully implementing the Paris Declaration and Accra Agenda for Action new methodology - degree of African ownership (at politicalbureaucratic-experts level), including at nat.level (unlike other AU/regional initiatives such as FTAs); robust plans for mutual accountability (serious monitoring & evaluation is built into CAADP); outreach to other sectors ; level of ODA predictability & regular donor coordination - Weaknesses remain, lacking sufficient: private sector involvement; reg.level implementation; clarity on the con-reg-nat nexus nothing specific P&Sec (btw the lines, focus Pastoralism)

6 Why regional cooperation? Sahel & Horn: regional crises require more reg. & structural solutions wiser transb.water management, food trade, account of pastoralists' movement, etc...or security threats will continue (kenya/somalia & mali) Individual countries alone cannot address challenges & opportunities Coherence/coordination of different reg. initiatives enhance their chances of success, also ODA (HORIZ.COHERENCE) Coherence/coordination of reg. and national action Page 6 increase the value of both (VERTICAL COHERENCE)

7 The Challenge: Regional demand increasingly met by imports

8 The solution is within Africa - enormous potential to increase production. Just 10% of agricultural land in the Guinea Savannah zone is being cultivated Closing yield gaps would increase output 2 to 3 fold In West Africa higher yields turn a $2 bill food trade deficit into a $12 bill surplus but only with open regional markets

9 .and regional trade is crucial Challenge is to get food from rural areas to consumers in growing urban centers Nearest city is often across a border Provides incentive to invest in higher productivity Source: Haggblade et al (2008).

10 P&S processes in EU and Africa [SEEA-SECURE] EU s comprehensive approach to external conflict & crisis (Joint EEAS-EC Communication Dec 2013, adopted May 2014 by Council, Action Plan by March 15). PROS: good consolidating doc (all-union vision), some EEAS-EC-MS commitments to good practices (taking context as starting point), analysis, formulation of country/regional strategies, use of crisis platforms or joint programming. CONS: no tangible structures & processes on whom the Union should work when, where, how = still confusion + no in-depth changes in EU instit. - MS relations & how EEAS/HR & EC could use full range of instruments & $ Page 10

11 SO often just listing of worthy activities under a comprehensive approach label more joint analysis, early warning, linking it to real political & programming decisions (MS & EU) EEAS & DEVCO staff incentives for bringing a more comprehensive agenda forward complexities of CAs make implementation highly challenging coordination, inclusiveness, policy coherence, civil-military coordination, especially where humanitarian assistance MS differences: France low attention paid to soft aspects (slight role dev actors) to NL: instit. structures & financing mech for diplomatic, military, dev. actors to interact with strategic purpose & beyond: trade Page 11

12 NB1: C. Conclusions settling on conflict prevention (no conflict management) common ground on which MS could reach consensus on EU external action: serves UK (prefers NATO), DE (optout of CSDP), SWE (aligns with CSDP missions only if UN mandate), etc NB2: little research/evidence on efficiency/complementarity of military operations for food security (IFPRI-IFAD 2014) Page 12

13 EU Approach to Resilience: Learning from Food Security Crisis (EC Communication Oct 2012) PROS: first definition + 3-phased resilience approach: anticipating crisis by assessing risks; focusing on prevention/preparedness; enhancing crisis response + 10 steps incl. support for prep. nat. resilience strategies/earlywarning + more flexible funding /donor coordination. CONS: top-down / state-centric approach to resilience building.+ links many sectors but nothing really on Policy Coherence among them + aid effectiveness perspective and not enough on endog. resilience building Page 13

14 EU Horn of Africa Strategy (2011) & Sahel (2011) presented as ex. of good practice for Comprehensive & Resilience Approaches, illustrating how EU comprehensive response could work for security, development and governance EFFECTIVENESS? Implementation is work in progress whereby operational issues still lag considerably behind conceptual development NB: institutional conundrum worsened by too many Strategies e.g. IGAD CAADP (USAID) vs COMESA/EAC UN/AU Technical Secretariat (TS) of the Ministerial Platform for the coordination of Sahel strategies [SEEA] Page 14

15 Led to the 2 Flagship promoting sustained coordination humanitarian & development assistance Supporting Horn of African Resilience (SHARE, 2011 Droughts) mobilised around 350 m since, will be followed up EDF11 l'alliance Globale pour l'initiative Résilience (AGIR) (2012 Droughts) aims to mobilise 1.5 billion for resilience building (incl. EDF11) Page 15

16 opportunities/ challenges for connecting more effectively Sec & FS policies and processes Opportunities : Increasing recogn conflicts occur together/related to other shocks (ec. crises, price, disasters) eg include climate change adaptation as an integral part of conflict prevention and plenty of attention & processes (eg more security threats CAADP, though initial tensions) New African Actors: Role of NSA Great Lakes PS, NGOs comprehensive really bring them in the responses to crisis and transition trajectories (CAADP model?) Page 16

17 Evidence & some Successes (Literature Summary in IFPRI-IFAD 2014, How to Build Resilience to Conflict The Role of Food Security ) Ethiopia, EC funds innovative resilience building programmes since 2012, bringing together different organisations for multi-sectoral projects subsidies help keep poverty & FS low but do not build resilience [cash 4 work, not hand-outs] markets & institutions (mkts failures) reduce vulnerability to asset shocks & enhance resilience by allowing smallholders/pastoralists to have consistent access to input & produce markets & income [= price information systems; credit & insurance markets, social safety nets] construct functioning and effective institutions as key measures for building resilience to conflict Page 17

18 Challenges multi-level institutional complexities, Sahel is also Sahara and Maghreb process but no grouping has all countries ambiguous role of donors (but very clear PEA): not by chance the 2 most advanced attempts to link F-P&S are where conflict is nurturing terrorism (S&H) where is not (DRC) Intl Community (USA-etc) not particularly active EU s multidimensional toolbox should be used better EU delegations, various developmental, political, and security assets, and member-state interventions $ drives!! General Dev Policy Bottlenecks: weak institutions, no implement, PEA, ownership + PCD?! & 3Cs nightmares [we don t really follow local decisions, with exceptions] Page 18

19 Scaling up above success programs (food aid, pastoralism, etc) remains challenging & donor dependency still unsolved THE LOCAL LEVEL always key: we deal global continental regional, only a bit to nat but interlinkages between security & food (in)security & resilience in rural areas are very local eg African urbanization [MEGATREND] Ultimately Governance & Local Leadership: Boko Haram? 2 richest countries of their regions! Page 19

20 Question to you: - reciprocal sensitivity in programming and implementation is your defence work "food sensitive"? - bringing food security concerns into early responses to crisis and transition trajectories : space for connecting processes and lessons more formally/systematically? - could you bring local stakeholders into your processes (early enough)? Page 20

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